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<p>With the function <code><ahref="../reference/mdro.html">mdro()</a></code>, you can determine multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO).</p>
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<h4class="hasAnchor">
<ahref="#type-of-input"class="anchor"></a>Type of input</h4>
<p>The <code><ahref="../reference/mdro.html">mdro()</a></code> takes a data set as input, such as a regular <code>data.frame</code>. It automatically determines the right columns for info about your isolates, like the name of the species and all columns with results of antimicrobial agents. See the help page for more info about how to set the right settings for your data with the command <code><ahref="../reference/mdro.html">?mdro</a></code>.</p>
<p>For WHONET data (and most other data), all settings are automatically set correctly.</p>
<p>The function support multiple guidelines. You can select a guideline with the <code>guideline</code> parameter. Currently supported guidelines are (case-insensitive):</p>
Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A <em>et al.</em> “Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance.” Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2012) (<ahref="https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)61632-3/fulltext">link</a>)</li>
<li>
<p><code>guideline = "EUCAST"</code></p>
The European international guideline - EUCAST Expert Rules Version 3.1 “Intrinsic Resistance and Exceptional Phenotypes Tables” (<ahref="http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Expert_Rules/Expert_rules_intrinsic_exceptional_V3.1.pdf">link</a>)</li>
<li>
<p><code>guideline = "TB"</code></p>
The international guideline for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis - World Health Organization “Companion handbook to the WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis” (<ahref="https://www.who.int/tb/publications/pmdt_companionhandbook/en/">link</a>)</li>
<li>
<p><code>guideline = "MRGN"</code></p>
The German national guideline - Mueller et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 4:7. (<ahref="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-015-0047-6">link</a>)</li>
<li>
<p><code>guideline = "BRMO"</code></p>
<p>The Dutch national guideline - Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu “WIP-richtlijn BRMO (Bijzonder Resistente Micro-Organismen) [ZKH]” (<ahref="https://www.rivm.nl/Documenten_en_publicaties/Professioneel_Praktisch/Richtlijnen/Infectieziekten/WIP_Richtlijnen/WIP_Richtlijnen/Ziekenhuizen/WIP_richtlijn_BRMO_Bijzonder_Resistente_Micro_Organismen_ZKH">link</a>)</p>
<p>The <code><ahref="../reference/mdro.html">mdro()</a></code> function always returns an ordered <code>factor</code>. For example, the output of the default guideline by Magiorakos <em>et al.</em> returns a <code>factor</code> with levels ‘Negative’, ‘MDR’, ‘XDR’ or ‘PDR’ in that order. If we test that guideline on the included <code>example_isolates</code> data set, we get:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode"id="cb1"><preclass="sourceCode r"><codeclass="sourceCode r"><aclass="sourceLine"id="cb1-1"data-line-number="1"><spanclass="kw"><ahref="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span>(dplyr) <spanclass="co"># to support pipes: %>%</span></a></code></pre></div>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb2-3"data-line-number="3"><spanclass="st"></span><spanclass="kw"><ahref="https://rdrr.io/pkg/cleaner/man/freq.html">freq</a></span>() <spanclass="co"># show frequency table of the result</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb2-4"data-line-number="4"><spanclass="co"># </span><spanclass="al">NOTE</span><spanclass="co">: Using column `mo` as input for `col_mo`.</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb2-5"data-line-number="5"><spanclass="co"># </span><spanclass="al">NOTE</span><spanclass="co">: Auto-guessing columns suitable for analysis...OK.</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb2-6"data-line-number="6"><spanclass="co"># </span><spanclass="al">NOTE</span><spanclass="co">: Reliability will be improved if these antimicrobial results would be available too: SAM (ampicillin/sulbactam), ATM (aztreonam), CTT (cefotetan), CPT (ceftaroline), DAP (daptomycin), DOR (doripenem), ETP (ertapenem), FUS (fusidic acid), GEH (gentamicin-high), LVX (levofloxacin), MNO (minocycline), NET (netilmicin), PLB (polymyxin B), QDA (quinupristin/dalfopristin), STH (streptomycin-high), TLV (telavancin), TCC (ticarcillin/clavulanic acid)</span></a>
<p>For another example, I will create a data set to determine multi-drug resistant TB:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode"id="cb3"><preclass="sourceCode r"><codeclass="sourceCode r"><aclass="sourceLine"id="cb3-1"data-line-number="1"><spanclass="co"># a helper function to get a random vector with values S, I and R</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb3-2"data-line-number="2"><spanclass="co"># with the probabilities 50% - 10% - 40%</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb7-2"data-line-number="2"><spanclass="co"># </span><spanclass="al">NOTE</span><spanclass="co">: No column found as input for `col_mo`, assuming all records contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb7-3"data-line-number="3"><spanclass="co"># </span><spanclass="al">NOTE</span><spanclass="co">: Auto-guessing columns suitable for analysis...OK.</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb7-4"data-line-number="4"><spanclass="co"># </span><spanclass="al">NOTE</span><spanclass="co">: Reliability will be improved if these antimicrobial results would be available too: CAP (capreomycin), RIB (rifabutin), RFP (rifapentine)</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb7-6"data-line-number="6"><spanclass="co"># Only results with 'R' are considered as resistance. Use `combine_SI = FALSE` to also consider 'I' as resistance.</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb7-8"data-line-number="8"><spanclass="co"># Determining multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO), according to:</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb7-9"data-line-number="9"><spanclass="co"># Guideline: Companion handbook to the WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis</span></a>
<aclass="sourceLine"id="cb7-14"data-line-number="14"><spanclass="co"># => Found 4320 MDROs out of 5000 tested isolates (86.4%)</span></a></code></pre></div>
<p>Developed by <ahref="https://www.rug.nl/staff/m.s.berends/">Matthijs S. Berends</a>, <ahref="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.f.luz/">Christian F. Luz</a>, <ahref="https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.w.friedrich/">Alex W. Friedrich</a>, <ahref="https://www.rug.nl/staff/b.sinha/">Bhanu N. M. Sinha</a>, <ahref="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.j.albers/">Casper J. Albers</a>, <ahref="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.glasner/">Corinna Glasner</a>.</p>
