fix SIR interpretation

DESCRIPTION

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Package: AMR
-Version: 2.1.1.9035
+Version: 2.1.1.9036
-Date: 2024-05-30
+Date: 2024-05-31
 Title: Antimicrobial Resistance Data Analysis
 Description: Functions to simplify and standardise antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
   data analysis and to work with microbial and antimicrobial properties by

NEWS.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# AMR 2.1.1.9035
+# AMR 2.1.1.9036
 
 *(this beta version will eventually become v3.0. We're happy to reach a new major milestone soon, which will be all about the new One Health support!)*
 
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ This package now supports not only tools for AMR data analysis in clinical setti
   * Comparisons of MIC values are now more strict. For example, `>32` is higher than (and never equal to) `32`. Thus, `as.mic(">32") == as.mic(32)` now returns `FALSE`, and `as.mic(">32") > as.mic(32)` now returns `TRUE`.
   * Sorting of MIC values (using `sort()`) was fixed in the same manner; `<0.001` now gets sorted before `0.001`, and `>0.001` gets sorted after `0.001`.
 * Updated `italicise_taxonomy()` to support HTML output
+* `custom_eucast_rules()` now supports multiple antibiotics and antibiotic groups to be affected by a single rule
 * `mo_info()` now contains an extra element `group_members`, with the contents of the new `mo_group_members()` function
 * Greatly improved `vctrs` integration, a Tidyverse package working in the background for many Tidyverse functions. For users, this means that functions such as `dplyr`'s `bind_rows()`, `rowwise()` and `c_across()` are now supported for e.g. columns of class `mic`. Despite this, this `AMR` package is still zero-dependent on any other package, including `dplyr` and `vctrs`.
 * Updated all ATC codes from WHOCC

R/custom_eucast_rules.R

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #' Define Custom EUCAST Rules
 #'
 #' Define custom EUCAST rules for your organisation or specific analysis and use the output of this function in [eucast_rules()].
-#' @param ... rules in [formula][base::tilde] notation, see *Examples*
+#' @param ... rules in [formula][base::tilde] notation, see below for instructions, and in *Examples*
 #' @details
 #' Some organisations have their own adoption of EUCAST rules. This function can be used to define custom EUCAST rules to be used in the [eucast_rules()] function.
 #' @section How it works:
@@ -89,11 +89,24 @@
 #' #> 2 Klebsiella pneumoniae   R    R     S
 #' ```
 #'
-#' ### Usage of antibiotic group names
+#' ### Usage of multiple antibiotics and antibiotic group names
 #' 
-#' It is possible to define antibiotic groups instead of single antibiotics for the rule consequence, the part *after* the tilde. In above examples, the antibiotic group `aminopenicillins` is used to include ampicillin and amoxicillin. The following groups are allowed (case-insensitive). Within parentheses are the drugs that will be matched when running the rule.
+#' You can define antibiotic groups instead of single antibiotics for the rule consequence, which is the part *after* the tilde (~). In the examples above, the antibiotic group `aminopenicillins` includes both ampicillin and amoxicillin.
 #' 
-#' `r paste0("  * ", sapply(DEFINED_AB_GROUPS, function(x) paste0("\"", tolower(gsub("^AB_", "", x)), "\"\\cr(", vector_and(ab_name(eval(parse(text = x), envir = asNamespace("AMR")), language = NULL, tolower = TRUE), quotes = FALSE), ")"), USE.NAMES = FALSE), "\n", collapse = "")`
+#' Rules can also be applied to multiple antibiotics and antibiotic groups simultaneously. Use the `c()` function to combine multiple antibiotics. For instance, the following example sets all aminopenicillins and ureidopenicillins to "R" if column TZP (piperacillin/tazobactam) is "R":
+#' 
+#' ```r
+#' x <- custom_eucast_rules(TZP == "R" ~ c(aminopenicillins, ureidopenicillins) == "R")
+#' x
+#' #> A set of custom EUCAST rules:
+#' #> 
+#' #>   1. If TZP is "R" then set to "R":
+#' #>      amoxicillin (AMX), ampicillin (AMP), azlocillin (AZL), mezlocillin (MEZ), piperacillin (PIP), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP)
+#' ```
+#'
+#' These `r length(DEFINED_AB_GROUPS)` antibiotic groups are allowed in the rules (case-insensitive) and can be used in any combination:
+#'
+#' `r paste0("  * ", sapply(DEFINED_AB_GROUPS, function(x) paste0(tolower(gsub("^AB_", "", x)), "\\cr(", vector_and(ab_name(eval(parse(text = x), envir = asNamespace("AMR")), language = NULL, tolower = TRUE), quotes = FALSE), ")"), USE.NAMES = FALSE), "\n", collapse = "")`
 #' @returns A [list] containing the custom rules
 #' @export
 #' @examples
@@ -156,24 +169,34 @@ custom_eucast_rules <- function(...) {
       "the result of rule ", i, " (the part after the `~`) must contain `==`, such as in `... ~ ampicillin == \"R\"`, see `?custom_eucast_rules`"
     )
     result_group <- as.character(result)[[2]]
-    if (paste0("AB_", toupper(result_group), "S") %in% DEFINED_AB_GROUPS) {
+    result_group<- as.character(str2lang(result_group))
-      # support for e.g. 'aminopenicillin' if user meant 'aminopenicillins'
+    result_group <- result_group[result_group != "c"]
-      result_group <- paste0(result_group, "s")
+    result_group_agents <- character(0)
-    }
+    for (j in seq_len(length(result_group))) {
-    if (paste0("AB_", toupper(result_group)) %in% DEFINED_AB_GROUPS) {
+      if (paste0("AB_", toupper(result_group[j]), "S") %in% DEFINED_AB_GROUPS) {
-      result_group <- eval(parse(text = paste0("AB_", toupper(result_group))), envir = asNamespace("AMR"))
+        # support for e.g. 'aminopenicillin' if user meant 'aminopenicillins'
-    } else {
+        result_group[j] <- paste0(result_group[j], "s")
-      result_group <- tryCatch(
+      }
-        suppressWarnings(as.ab(result_group,
+      if (paste0("AB_", toupper(result_group[j])) %in% DEFINED_AB_GROUPS) {
-          fast_mode = TRUE,
+        result_group_agents <- c(result_group_agents,
-          flag_multiple_results = FALSE
+                                 eval(parse(text = paste0("AB_", toupper(result_group[j]))), envir = asNamespace("AMR")))
-        )),
+      } else {
-        error = function(e) NA_character_
+        out_group <- tryCatch(
-      )
+          suppressWarnings(as.ab(result_group[j],
+                                 fast_mode = TRUE,
+                                 flag_multiple_results = FALSE
+          )),
+          error = function(e) NA_character_
+        )
+        if (!all(is.na(out_group))) {
+          result_group_agents <- c(result_group_agents, out_group)
+        }
+      }
     }
+    result_group_agents <- result_group_agents[!is.na(result_group_agents)]
     
     stop_if(
-      any(is.na(result_group)),
+      length(result_group_agents) == 0,
       "this result of rule ", i, " could not be translated to a single antimicrobial drug/group: \"",
       as.character(result)[[2]], "\".\n\nThe input can be a name or code of an antimicrobial drug, or be one of: ",
       vector_or(tolower(gsub("AB_", "", DEFINED_AB_GROUPS)), quotes = FALSE), "."
@@ -186,7 +209,7 @@ custom_eucast_rules <- function(...) {
     )
     result_value <- as.sir(result_value)
 
-    out[[i]]$result_group <- result_group
+    out[[i]]$result_group <- result_group_agents
     out[[i]]$result_value <- result_value
   }
 

R/sir.R

@@ -532,6 +532,8 @@ as.sir.data.frame <- function(x,
     } else if (length(host) == 1 && as.character(host) %in% colnames(x)) {
       host <- x[[as.character(host)]]
     }
+  } else {
+    host <- breakpoint_type
   }
   
   # -- UTIs
@@ -731,6 +733,8 @@ get_guideline <- function(guideline, reference_data) {
 convert_host <- function(x, lang = get_AMR_locale()) {
   x <- trimws2(tolower(as.character(x)))
   x_out <- rep(NA_character_, length(x))
+  x_out[trimws2(tolower(x)) == "human"] <- "human"
+  x_out[trimws2(tolower(x)) == "ecoff"] <- "ecoff"
   # this order is based on: clinical_breakpoints |> filter(type == "animal") |> count(host, sort = TRUE)
   x_out[is.na(x_out) & (x %like% "dog|canine" | x %like% translate_AMR("dog|dogs|canine", lang))] <- "dogs"
   x_out[is.na(x_out) & (x %like% "cattle|bovine" | x %like% translate_AMR("cattle|bovine", lang))] <- "cattle"
@@ -739,6 +743,7 @@ convert_host <- function(x, lang = get_AMR_locale()) {
   x_out[is.na(x_out) & (x %like% "horse|equine" | x %like% translate_AMR("horse|horses|equine", lang))] <- "horse"
   x_out[is.na(x_out) & (x %like% "aqua|fish" | x %like% translate_AMR("aquatic|fish", lang))] <- "aquatic"
   x_out[is.na(x_out) & (x %like% "bird|chicken|poultry|avia" | x %like% translate_AMR("bird|birds|poultry", lang))] <- "poultry"
+  x_out[x_out == "ecoff"] <- "ECOFF"
   x_out
 }
 
@@ -794,12 +799,10 @@ as_sir_method <- function(method_short,
       }
       breakpoint_type <- "animal"
     } else {
-      host <- NA_character_
+      host <- breakpoint_type
     }
   }
   host <- convert_host(host)
-  host <- tolower(host)
-  host[host == "ecoff"] <- "ECOFF"
   
   if (message_not_thrown_before("as.sir", "sir_interpretation_history")) {
     message_("Run `sir_interpretation_history()` afterwards to retrieve a logbook with all the details of the breakpoint interpretations. Note that some ", ifelse(breakpoint_type == "animal", "animal hosts and ", ""), "microorganisms might not have breakpoints for each antimicrobial drug in ", guideline_coerced, ".\n\n")
@@ -887,15 +890,15 @@ as_sir_method <- function(method_short,
   if (length(ab) == 1) {
     ab <- rep(ab, length(x))
   }
+  if (length(host) == 1) {
+    host <- rep(host, length(x))
+  }
   if (is.null(uti)) {
     uti <- NA
   }
   if (length(uti) == 1) {
     uti <- rep(uti, length(x))
   }
-  if (length(host) == 1) {
-    host <- rep(host, length(x))
-  }
   if (isTRUE(add_intrinsic_resistance) && guideline_coerced %unlike% "EUCAST") {
     if (message_not_thrown_before("as.sir", "intrinsic")) {
       warning_("in `as.sir()`: using 'add_intrinsic_resistance' is only useful when using EUCAST guidelines, since the rules for intrinsic resistance are based on EUCAST.")
@@ -906,7 +909,7 @@ as_sir_method <- function(method_short,
   agent_name <- ab_name(ab, tolower = TRUE, language = NULL)
   same_ab <- generalise_antibiotic_name(ab) == generalise_antibiotic_name(agent_name)
   same_ab.bak <- generalise_antibiotic_name(ab.bak) == generalise_antibiotic_name(agent_name)
-  agent_formatted[same_ab.bak] <- paste0(agent_formatted[same_ab.bak], " (", ab, ")")
+  agent_formatted[same_ab.bak] <- paste0(agent_formatted[same_ab.bak], " (", ab[same_ab.bak], ")")
   agent_formatted[!same_ab.bak & !same_ab] <- paste0(agent_formatted[!same_ab.bak & !same_ab],
                                                     " (", ifelse(ab.bak[!same_ab.bak & !same_ab] == ab[!same_ab.bak & !same_ab],
                                                                  "",
@@ -915,13 +918,12 @@ as_sir_method <- function(method_short,
                                                     ")")
   # this intro text will also be printed in the progress bar if the `progress` package is installed
   intro_txt <- paste0("Interpreting ", method_long, ": ", ifelse(isTRUE(list(...)$is_data.frame), "column ", ""),
-                      ifelse(length(unique(agent_formatted)) == 1, unique(agent_formatted), vector_and(ab, quotes = FALSE)),
+                      ifelse(length(unique(agent_formatted)) == 1, unique(agent_formatted), paste0("for ", vector_and(ab, quotes = FALSE))),
                       mo_var_found,
                       ifelse(identical(reference_data, AMR::clinical_breakpoints),
                              paste0(", ", font_bold(guideline_coerced)),
                              ""),
                       "... ")
-  message_(intro_txt, appendLF = FALSE, as_note = FALSE)
   
   msg_note <- function(messages) {
     messages <- unique(messages)
@@ -1009,6 +1011,10 @@ as_sir_method <- function(method_short,
     add_intrinsic_resistance_to_AMR_env()
   }
   
+  if (nrow(df_unique) < 10) {
+    # only print intro under 10 items, otherwise progressbar will print this and then it will be printed double
+    message_(intro_txt, appendLF = FALSE, as_note = FALSE)
+  }
   p <- progress_ticker(n = nrow(df_unique), n_min = 10, title = font_blue(intro_txt), only_bar_percent = TRUE)
   has_progress_bar <- !is.null(import_fn("progress_bar", "progress", error_on_fail = FALSE)) && nrow(df_unique) >= 10
   on.exit(close(p))
@@ -1018,12 +1024,13 @@ as_sir_method <- function(method_short,
     p$tick()
     mo_current <- df_unique[i, "mo", drop = TRUE]
     ab_current <- df_unique[i, "ab", drop = TRUE]
+    host_current <- df_unique[i, "host", drop = TRUE]
     uti_current <- df_unique[i, "uti", drop = TRUE]
     if (is.na(uti_current)) {
       # no preference, so no filter on UTIs
-      rows <- which(df$mo == mo_current)
+      rows <- which(df$mo == mo_current & df$ab == ab_current & df$host == host_current)
     } else {
-      rows <- which(df$mo == mo_current & df$uti == uti_current)
+      rows <- which(df$mo == mo_current & df$ab == ab_current & df$host == host_current & df$uti == uti_current)
     }
     values <- df[rows, "values", drop = TRUE]
     new_sir <- rep(NA_sir_, length(rows))

inst/tinytest/test-sir.R

@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ expect_identical(
 expect_error(as.sir.mic(as.mic(16)))
 expect_error(as.sir.disk(as.disk(16)))
 expect_error(get_guideline("this one does not exist"))
+
 if (AMR:::pkg_is_available("dplyr", min_version = "1.0.0", also_load = TRUE)) {
   # 40 sir columns
   expect_equal(
@@ -125,6 +126,24 @@ expect_identical(as.character(as.sir(mics, mo = "Escherichia coli", ab = "AMC",
                                      uti = FALSE, include_PKPD = FALSE)),
                  c("S", "S", "S", "S", "S", "S", "S", "S", "R", "R", "R"))
 
+# test SIR using dplyr's mutate_if(...) and mutate(across(...))
+out1 <- as.sir(as.mic(c(0.256, 0.5, 1, 2)), mo = "Escherichia coli", ab = "ertapenem", guideline = "EUCAST 2023")
+expect_identical(out1, as.sir(c("S", "S", "R", "R")))
+if (AMR:::pkg_is_available("dplyr", min_version = "1.0.0", also_load = TRUE)) {
+  out2 <- data.frame(mo = "Escherichia coli",
+                     ab = "ertapenem",
+                     some_mics = as.mic(c(0.256, 0.5, 1, 2))) |> 
+    mutate(across(where(is.mic), function(x) as.sir(x, mo = "mo", ab = "ab", guideline = "EUCAST 2023"))) |> 
+    pull(some_mics)
+  out3 <- data.frame(mo = "Escherichia coli",
+                     ab = "ertapenem",
+                     some_mics = as.mic(c(0.256, 0.5, 1, 2))) |> 
+    mutate_if(is.mic, as.sir, mo = "mo", ab = "ab", guideline = "EUCAST 2023") |> 
+    pull(some_mics)
+  
+  expect_identical(out1, out2)
+  expect_identical(out1, out3)
+}
 
 # S. pneumoniae/ampicillin in EUCAST 2020: 0.5-2 ug/ml (R is only > 2)
 expect_equal(suppressMessages(

man/custom_eucast_rules.Rd

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 custom_eucast_rules(...)
 }
 \arguments{
-\item{...}{rules in \link[base:tilde]{formula} notation, see \emph{Examples}}
+\item{...}{rules in \link[base:tilde]{formula} notation, see below for instructions, and in \emph{Examples}}
 }
 \value{
 A \link{list} containing the custom rules
@@ -72,38 +72,50 @@ eucast_rules(df, rules = "custom", custom_rules = y, info = FALSE)
 }\if{html}{\out{</div>}}
 }
 
-\subsection{Usage of antibiotic group names}{
+\subsection{Usage of multiple antibiotics and antibiotic group names}{
 
-It is possible to define antibiotic groups instead of single antibiotics for the rule consequence, the part \emph{after} the tilde. In above examples, the antibiotic group \code{aminopenicillins} is used to include ampicillin and amoxicillin. The following groups are allowed (case-insensitive). Within parentheses are the drugs that will be matched when running the rule.
+You can define antibiotic groups instead of single antibiotics for the rule consequence, which is the part \emph{after} the tilde (~). In the examples above, the antibiotic group \code{aminopenicillins} includes both ampicillin and amoxicillin.
+
+Rules can also be applied to multiple antibiotics and antibiotic groups simultaneously. Use the \code{c()} function to combine multiple antibiotics. For instance, the following example sets all aminopenicillins and ureidopenicillins to "R" if column TZP (piperacillin/tazobactam) is "R":
+
+\if{html}{\out{<div class="sourceCode r">}}\preformatted{x <- custom_eucast_rules(TZP == "R" ~ c(aminopenicillins, ureidopenicillins) == "R")
+x
+#> A set of custom EUCAST rules:
+#> 
+#>   1. If TZP is "R" then set to "R":
+#>      amoxicillin (AMX), ampicillin (AMP), azlocillin (AZL), mezlocillin (MEZ), piperacillin (PIP), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP)
+}\if{html}{\out{</div>}}
+
+These 28 antibiotic groups are allowed in the rules (case-insensitive) and can be used in any combination:
 \itemize{
-\item "aminoglycosides"\cr(amikacin, amikacin/fosfomycin, amphotericin B-high, apramycin, arbekacin, astromicin, bekanamycin, dibekacin, framycetin, gentamicin, gentamicin-high, habekacin, hygromycin, isepamicin, kanamycin, kanamycin-high, kanamycin/cephalexin, micronomicin, neomycin, netilmicin, pentisomicin, plazomicin, propikacin, ribostamycin, sisomicin, streptoduocin, streptomycin, streptomycin-high, tobramycin, and tobramycin-high)
+\item aminoglycosides\cr(amikacin, amikacin/fosfomycin, amphotericin B-high, apramycin, arbekacin, astromicin, bekanamycin, dibekacin, framycetin, gentamicin, gentamicin-high, habekacin, hygromycin, isepamicin, kanamycin, kanamycin-high, kanamycin/cephalexin, micronomicin, neomycin, netilmicin, pentisomicin, plazomicin, propikacin, ribostamycin, sisomicin, streptoduocin, streptomycin, streptomycin-high, tobramycin, and tobramycin-high)
-\item "aminopenicillins"\cr(amoxicillin and ampicillin)
+\item aminopenicillins\cr(amoxicillin and ampicillin)
-\item "antifungals"\cr(amphotericin B, anidulafungin, butoconazole, caspofungin, ciclopirox, clotrimazole, econazole, fluconazole, flucytosine, fosfluconazole, griseofulvin, hachimycin, ibrexafungerp, isavuconazole, isoconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, manogepix, micafungin, miconazole, nystatin, oteseconazole, pimaricin, posaconazole, rezafungin, ribociclib, sulconazole, terbinafine, terconazole, and voriconazole)
+\item antifungals\cr(amphotericin B, anidulafungin, butoconazole, caspofungin, ciclopirox, clotrimazole, econazole, fluconazole, flucytosine, fosfluconazole, griseofulvin, hachimycin, ibrexafungerp, isavuconazole, isoconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, manogepix, micafungin, miconazole, nystatin, oteseconazole, pimaricin, posaconazole, rezafungin, ribociclib, sulconazole, terbinafine, terconazole, and voriconazole)
-\item "antimycobacterials"\cr(4-aminosalicylic acid, calcium aminosalicylate, capreomycin, clofazimine, delamanid, enviomycin, ethambutol, ethambutol/isoniazid, ethionamide, isoniazid, isoniazid/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim/pyridoxine, morinamide, p-aminosalicylic acid, pretomanid, protionamide, pyrazinamide, rifabutin, rifampicin, rifampicin/ethambutol/isoniazid, rifampicin/isoniazid, rifampicin/pyrazinamide/ethambutol/isoniazid, rifampicin/pyrazinamide/isoniazid, rifamycin, rifapentine, simvastatin/fenofibrate, sodium aminosalicylate, streptomycin/isoniazid, terizidone, thioacetazone, thioacetazone/isoniazid, tiocarlide, and viomycin)
+\item antimycobacterials\cr(4-aminosalicylic acid, calcium aminosalicylate, capreomycin, clofazimine, delamanid, enviomycin, ethambutol, ethambutol/isoniazid, ethionamide, isoniazid, isoniazid/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim/pyridoxine, morinamide, p-aminosalicylic acid, pretomanid, protionamide, pyrazinamide, rifabutin, rifampicin, rifampicin/ethambutol/isoniazid, rifampicin/isoniazid, rifampicin/pyrazinamide/ethambutol/isoniazid, rifampicin/pyrazinamide/isoniazid, rifamycin, rifapentine, simvastatin/fenofibrate, sodium aminosalicylate, streptomycin/isoniazid, terizidone, thioacetazone, thioacetazone/isoniazid, tiocarlide, and viomycin)
-\item "betalactams"\cr(amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amoxicillin/sulbactam, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, apalcillin, aspoxicillin, avibactam, azidocillin, azlocillin, aztreonam, aztreonam/avibactam, aztreonam/nacubactam, bacampicillin, benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, biapenem, carbenicillin, carindacillin, cefacetrile, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloridine, cefalotin, cefamandole, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefcapene, cefcapene pivoxil, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefditoren pivoxil, cefepime, cefepime/clavulanic acid, cefepime/nacubactam, cefepime/tazobactam, cefetamet, cefetamet pivoxil, cefetecol, cefetrizole, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefmetazole, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, ceforanide, cefoselis, cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime/sulbactam, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefotiam hexetil, cefovecin, cefoxitin, cefoxitin screening, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid, cefprozil, cefquinome, cefroxadine, cefsulodin, cefsumide, ceftaroline, ceftaroline/avibactam, ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, cefteram, cefteram pivoxil, ceftezole, ceftibuten, ceftiofur, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime alapivoxil, ceftobiprole, ceftobiprole medocaril, ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cephradine, ciclacillin, clometocillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, doripenem, epicillin, ertapenem, flucloxacillin, hetacillin, imipenem, imipenem/EDTA, imipenem/relebactam, latamoxef, lenampicillin, loracarbef, mecillinam, meropenem, meropenem/nacubactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, metampicillin, meticillin, mezlocillin, mezlocillin/sulbactam, nacubactam, nafcillin, oxacillin, panipenem, penamecillin, penicillin/novobiocin, penicillin/sulbactam, pheneticillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, piperacillin, piperacillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, piridicillin, pivampicillin, pivmecillinam, procaine benzylpenicillin, propicillin, razupenem, ritipenem, ritipenem acoxil, sarmoxicillin, sulbactam, sulbenicillin, sultamicillin, talampicillin, tazobactam, tebipenem, temocillin, ticarcillin, and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid)
+\item betalactams\cr(amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amoxicillin/sulbactam, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, apalcillin, aspoxicillin, avibactam, azidocillin, azlocillin, aztreonam, aztreonam/avibactam, aztreonam/nacubactam, bacampicillin, benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, biapenem, carbenicillin, carindacillin, cefacetrile, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloridine, cefalotin, cefamandole, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefcapene, cefcapene pivoxil, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefditoren pivoxil, cefepime, cefepime/clavulanic acid, cefepime/nacubactam, cefepime/tazobactam, cefetamet, cefetamet pivoxil, cefetecol, cefetrizole, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefmetazole, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, ceforanide, cefoselis, cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime/sulbactam, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefotiam hexetil, cefovecin, cefoxitin, cefoxitin screening, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid, cefprozil, cefquinome, cefroxadine, cefsulodin, cefsumide, ceftaroline, ceftaroline/avibactam, ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, cefteram, cefteram pivoxil, ceftezole, ceftibuten, ceftiofur, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime alapivoxil, ceftobiprole, ceftobiprole medocaril, ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cephradine, ciclacillin, clometocillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, doripenem, epicillin, ertapenem, flucloxacillin, hetacillin, imipenem, imipenem/EDTA, imipenem/relebactam, latamoxef, lenampicillin, loracarbef, mecillinam, meropenem, meropenem/nacubactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, metampicillin, meticillin, mezlocillin, mezlocillin/sulbactam, nacubactam, nafcillin, oxacillin, panipenem, penamecillin, penicillin/novobiocin, penicillin/sulbactam, pheneticillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, piperacillin, piperacillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, piridicillin, pivampicillin, pivmecillinam, procaine benzylpenicillin, propicillin, razupenem, ritipenem, ritipenem acoxil, sarmoxicillin, sulbactam, sulbenicillin, sultamicillin, talampicillin, tazobactam, tebipenem, temocillin, ticarcillin, and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid)
-\item "carbapenems"\cr(biapenem, doripenem, ertapenem, imipenem, imipenem/EDTA, imipenem/relebactam, meropenem, meropenem/nacubactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, panipenem, razupenem, ritipenem, ritipenem acoxil, and tebipenem)
+\item carbapenems\cr(biapenem, doripenem, ertapenem, imipenem, imipenem/EDTA, imipenem/relebactam, meropenem, meropenem/nacubactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, panipenem, razupenem, ritipenem, ritipenem acoxil, and tebipenem)
-\item "cephalosporins"\cr(cefacetrile, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloridine, cefalotin, cefamandole, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefcapene, cefcapene pivoxil, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefditoren pivoxil, cefepime, cefepime/clavulanic acid, cefepime/tazobactam, cefetamet, cefetamet pivoxil, cefetecol, cefetrizole, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefmetazole, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, ceforanide, cefoselis, cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime/sulbactam, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefotiam hexetil, cefovecin, cefoxitin, cefoxitin screening, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid, cefprozil, cefquinome, cefroxadine, cefsulodin, cefsumide, ceftaroline, ceftaroline/avibactam, ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, cefteram, cefteram pivoxil, ceftezole, ceftibuten, ceftiofur, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime alapivoxil, ceftobiprole, ceftobiprole medocaril, ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cephradine, latamoxef, and loracarbef)
+\item cephalosporins\cr(cefacetrile, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloridine, cefalotin, cefamandole, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefcapene, cefcapene pivoxil, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefditoren pivoxil, cefepime, cefepime/clavulanic acid, cefepime/tazobactam, cefetamet, cefetamet pivoxil, cefetecol, cefetrizole, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefmetazole, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, ceforanide, cefoselis, cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime/sulbactam, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefotiam hexetil, cefovecin, cefoxitin, cefoxitin screening, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid, cefprozil, cefquinome, cefroxadine, cefsulodin, cefsumide, ceftaroline, ceftaroline/avibactam, ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, cefteram, cefteram pivoxil, ceftezole, ceftibuten, ceftiofur, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime alapivoxil, ceftobiprole, ceftobiprole medocaril, ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cephradine, latamoxef, and loracarbef)
-\item "cephalosporins_1st"\cr(cefacetrile, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloridine, cefalotin, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefroxadine, ceftezole, and cephradine)
+\item cephalosporins_1st\cr(cefacetrile, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloridine, cefalotin, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefroxadine, ceftezole, and cephradine)
-\item "cephalosporins_2nd"\cr(cefaclor, cefamandole, cefmetazole, cefonicid, ceforanide, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefoxitin, cefoxitin screening, cefprozil, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, and loracarbef)
+\item cephalosporins_2nd\cr(cefaclor, cefamandole, cefmetazole, cefonicid, ceforanide, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefoxitin, cefoxitin screening, cefprozil, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, and loracarbef)
-\item "cephalosporins_3rd"\cr(cefcapene, cefcapene pivoxil, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefditoren pivoxil, cefetamet, cefetamet pivoxil, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefodizime, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime/sulbactam, cefotiam hexetil, cefovecin, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid, cefsulodin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, cefteram, cefteram pivoxil, ceftibuten, ceftiofur, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime alapivoxil, ceftriaxone, ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor, and latamoxef)
+\item cephalosporins_3rd\cr(cefcapene, cefcapene pivoxil, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefditoren pivoxil, cefetamet, cefetamet pivoxil, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefodizime, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime/sulbactam, cefotiam hexetil, cefovecin, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid, cefsulodin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, cefteram, cefteram pivoxil, ceftibuten, ceftiofur, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime alapivoxil, ceftriaxone, ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor, and latamoxef)
-\item "cephalosporins_4th"\cr(cefepime, cefepime/clavulanic acid, cefepime/tazobactam, cefetecol, cefoselis, cefozopran, cefpirome, and cefquinome)
+\item cephalosporins_4th\cr(cefepime, cefepime/clavulanic acid, cefepime/tazobactam, cefetecol, cefoselis, cefozopran, cefpirome, and cefquinome)
-\item "cephalosporins_5th"\cr(ceftaroline, ceftaroline/avibactam, ceftobiprole, ceftobiprole medocaril, and ceftolozane/tazobactam)
+\item cephalosporins_5th\cr(ceftaroline, ceftaroline/avibactam, ceftobiprole, ceftobiprole medocaril, and ceftolozane/tazobactam)
-\item "cephalosporins_except_caz"\cr(cefacetrile, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloridine, cefalotin, cefamandole, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefcapene, cefcapene pivoxil, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefditoren pivoxil, cefepime, cefepime/clavulanic acid, cefepime/tazobactam, cefetamet, cefetamet pivoxil, cefetecol, cefetrizole, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefmetazole, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, ceforanide, cefoselis, cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime/sulbactam, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefotiam hexetil, cefovecin, cefoxitin, cefoxitin screening, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid, cefprozil, cefquinome, cefroxadine, cefsulodin, cefsumide, ceftaroline, ceftaroline/avibactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, cefteram, cefteram pivoxil, ceftezole, ceftibuten, ceftiofur, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime alapivoxil, ceftobiprole, ceftobiprole medocaril, ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cephradine, latamoxef, and loracarbef)
+\item cephalosporins_except_caz\cr(cefacetrile, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloridine, cefalotin, cefamandole, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefcapene, cefcapene pivoxil, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefditoren pivoxil, cefepime, cefepime/clavulanic acid, cefepime/tazobactam, cefetamet, cefetamet pivoxil, cefetecol, cefetrizole, cefixime, cefmenoxime, cefmetazole, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone, cefoperazone/sulbactam, ceforanide, cefoselis, cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime/sulbactam, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefotiam hexetil, cefovecin, cefoxitin, cefoxitin screening, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime proxetil, cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid, cefprozil, cefquinome, cefroxadine, cefsulodin, cefsumide, ceftaroline, ceftaroline/avibactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, cefteram, cefteram pivoxil, ceftezole, ceftibuten, ceftiofur, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime alapivoxil, ceftobiprole, ceftobiprole medocaril, ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cephradine, latamoxef, and loracarbef)
-\item "fluoroquinolones"\cr(besifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, danofloxacin, delafloxacin, difloxacin, enoxacin, enrofloxacin, finafloxacin, fleroxacin, garenoxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, lascufloxacin, levofloxacin, levonadifloxacin, lomefloxacin, marbofloxacin, metioxate, miloxacin, moxifloxacin, nadifloxacin, nifuroquine, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, orbifloxacin, pazufloxacin, pefloxacin, pradofloxacin, premafloxacin, prulifloxacin, rufloxacin, sarafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, tilbroquinol, tioxacin, tosufloxacin, and trovafloxacin)
+\item fluoroquinolones\cr(besifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, danofloxacin, delafloxacin, difloxacin, enoxacin, enrofloxacin, finafloxacin, fleroxacin, garenoxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, lascufloxacin, levofloxacin, levonadifloxacin, lomefloxacin, marbofloxacin, metioxate, miloxacin, moxifloxacin, nadifloxacin, nifuroquine, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, orbifloxacin, pazufloxacin, pefloxacin, pradofloxacin, premafloxacin, prulifloxacin, rufloxacin, sarafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, tilbroquinol, tioxacin, tosufloxacin, and trovafloxacin)
-\item "glycopeptides"\cr(avoparcin, dalbavancin, norvancomycin, oritavancin, ramoplanin, teicoplanin, teicoplanin-macromethod, telavancin, vancomycin, and vancomycin-macromethod)
+\item glycopeptides\cr(avoparcin, dalbavancin, norvancomycin, oritavancin, ramoplanin, teicoplanin, teicoplanin-macromethod, telavancin, vancomycin, and vancomycin-macromethod)
-\item "glycopeptides_except_lipo"\cr(avoparcin, norvancomycin, ramoplanin, teicoplanin, teicoplanin-macromethod, vancomycin, and vancomycin-macromethod)
+\item glycopeptides_except_lipo\cr(avoparcin, norvancomycin, ramoplanin, teicoplanin, teicoplanin-macromethod, vancomycin, and vancomycin-macromethod)
-\item "lincosamides"\cr(acetylmidecamycin, acetylspiramycin, clindamycin, gamithromycin, kitasamycin, lincomycin, meleumycin, nafithromycin, pirlimycin, primycin, solithromycin, tildipirosin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, tylosin, and tylvalosin)
+\item lincosamides\cr(acetylmidecamycin, acetylspiramycin, clindamycin, gamithromycin, kitasamycin, lincomycin, meleumycin, nafithromycin, pirlimycin, primycin, solithromycin, tildipirosin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, tylosin, and tylvalosin)
-\item "lipoglycopeptides"\cr(dalbavancin, oritavancin, and telavancin)
+\item lipoglycopeptides\cr(dalbavancin, oritavancin, and telavancin)
-\item "macrolides"\cr(acetylmidecamycin, acetylspiramycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, erythromycin, flurithromycin, gamithromycin, josamycin, kitasamycin, meleumycin, midecamycin, miocamycin, nafithromycin, oleandomycin, pirlimycin, primycin, rokitamycin, roxithromycin, solithromycin, spiramycin, telithromycin, tildipirosin, tilmicosin, troleandomycin, tulathromycin, tylosin, and tylvalosin)
+\item macrolides\cr(acetylmidecamycin, acetylspiramycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin, erythromycin, flurithromycin, gamithromycin, josamycin, kitasamycin, meleumycin, midecamycin, miocamycin, nafithromycin, oleandomycin, pirlimycin, primycin, rokitamycin, roxithromycin, solithromycin, spiramycin, telithromycin, tildipirosin, tilmicosin, troleandomycin, tulathromycin, tylosin, and tylvalosin)
-\item "oxazolidinones"\cr(cadazolid, cycloserine, linezolid, tedizolid, and thiacetazone)
+\item oxazolidinones\cr(cadazolid, cycloserine, linezolid, tedizolid, and thiacetazone)
-\item "penicillins"\cr(amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amoxicillin/sulbactam, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, apalcillin, aspoxicillin, avibactam, azidocillin, azlocillin, aztreonam, aztreonam/avibactam, aztreonam/nacubactam, bacampicillin, benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, carbenicillin, carindacillin, cefepime/nacubactam, ciclacillin, clometocillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, epicillin, flucloxacillin, hetacillin, lenampicillin, mecillinam, metampicillin, meticillin, mezlocillin, mezlocillin/sulbactam, nacubactam, nafcillin, oxacillin, penamecillin, penicillin/novobiocin, penicillin/sulbactam, pheneticillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, piperacillin, piperacillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, piridicillin, pivampicillin, pivmecillinam, procaine benzylpenicillin, propicillin, sarmoxicillin, sulbactam, sulbenicillin, sultamicillin, talampicillin, tazobactam, temocillin, ticarcillin, and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid)
+\item penicillins\cr(amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amoxicillin/sulbactam, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, apalcillin, aspoxicillin, avibactam, azidocillin, azlocillin, aztreonam, aztreonam/avibactam, aztreonam/nacubactam, bacampicillin, benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, carbenicillin, carindacillin, cefepime/nacubactam, ciclacillin, clometocillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, epicillin, flucloxacillin, hetacillin, lenampicillin, mecillinam, metampicillin, meticillin, mezlocillin, mezlocillin/sulbactam, nacubactam, nafcillin, oxacillin, penamecillin, penicillin/novobiocin, penicillin/sulbactam, pheneticillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, piperacillin, piperacillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, piridicillin, pivampicillin, pivmecillinam, procaine benzylpenicillin, propicillin, sarmoxicillin, sulbactam, sulbenicillin, sultamicillin, talampicillin, tazobactam, temocillin, ticarcillin, and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid)
-\item "polymyxins"\cr(colistin, polymyxin B, and polymyxin B/polysorbate 80)
+\item polymyxins\cr(colistin, polymyxin B, and polymyxin B/polysorbate 80)
-\item "quinolones"\cr(besifloxacin, cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, danofloxacin, delafloxacin, difloxacin, enoxacin, enrofloxacin, finafloxacin, fleroxacin, flumequine, garenoxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, lascufloxacin, levofloxacin, levonadifloxacin, lomefloxacin, marbofloxacin, metioxate, miloxacin, moxifloxacin, nadifloxacin, nalidixic acid, nemonoxacin, nifuroquine, nitroxoline, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, orbifloxacin, oxolinic acid, pazufloxacin, pefloxacin, pipemidic acid, piromidic acid, pradofloxacin, premafloxacin, prulifloxacin, rosoxacin, rufloxacin, sarafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, tilbroquinol, tioxacin, tosufloxacin, and trovafloxacin)
+\item quinolones\cr(besifloxacin, cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, danofloxacin, delafloxacin, difloxacin, enoxacin, enrofloxacin, finafloxacin, fleroxacin, flumequine, garenoxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, lascufloxacin, levofloxacin, levonadifloxacin, lomefloxacin, marbofloxacin, metioxate, miloxacin, moxifloxacin, nadifloxacin, nalidixic acid, nemonoxacin, nifuroquine, nitroxoline, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, orbifloxacin, oxolinic acid, pazufloxacin, pefloxacin, pipemidic acid, piromidic acid, pradofloxacin, premafloxacin, prulifloxacin, rosoxacin, rufloxacin, sarafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, tilbroquinol, tioxacin, tosufloxacin, and trovafloxacin)
-\item "streptogramins"\cr(pristinamycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin)
+\item streptogramins\cr(pristinamycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin)
-\item "tetracyclines"\cr(cetocycline, chlortetracycline, clomocycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, eravacycline, lymecycline, metacycline, minocycline, omadacycline, oxytetracycline, penimepicycline, rolitetracycline, sarecycline, tetracycline, and tigecycline)
+\item tetracyclines\cr(cetocycline, chlortetracycline, clomocycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, eravacycline, lymecycline, metacycline, minocycline, omadacycline, oxytetracycline, penimepicycline, rolitetracycline, sarecycline, tetracycline, and tigecycline)
-\item "tetracyclines_except_tgc"\cr(cetocycline, chlortetracycline, clomocycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, eravacycline, lymecycline, metacycline, minocycline, omadacycline, oxytetracycline, penimepicycline, rolitetracycline, sarecycline, and tetracycline)
+\item tetracyclines_except_tgc\cr(cetocycline, chlortetracycline, clomocycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, eravacycline, lymecycline, metacycline, minocycline, omadacycline, oxytetracycline, penimepicycline, rolitetracycline, sarecycline, and tetracycline)
-\item "trimethoprims"\cr(brodimoprim, sulfadiazine, sulfadiazine/tetroxoprim, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimidine, sulfadimidine/trimethoprim, sulfafurazole, sulfaisodimidine, sulfalene, sulfamazone, sulfamerazine, sulfamerazine/trimethoprim, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfametomidine, sulfametoxydiazine, sulfametrole/trimethoprim, sulfamoxole, sulfamoxole/trimethoprim, sulfanilamide, sulfaperin, sulfaphenazole, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, sulfathiourea, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole)
+\item trimethoprims\cr(brodimoprim, sulfadiazine, sulfadiazine/tetroxoprim, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimidine, sulfadimidine/trimethoprim, sulfafurazole, sulfaisodimidine, sulfalene, sulfamazone, sulfamerazine, sulfamerazine/trimethoprim, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfametomidine, sulfametoxydiazine, sulfametrole/trimethoprim, sulfamoxole, sulfamoxole/trimethoprim, sulfanilamide, sulfaperin, sulfaphenazole, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, sulfathiourea, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole)
-\item "ureidopenicillins"\cr(azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and piperacillin/tazobactam)
+\item ureidopenicillins\cr(azlocillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and piperacillin/tazobactam)
 }
 }
 }