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<a class="navbar-brand me-2" href="../index.html">AMR (for R)</a>
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<li><p><code>mo_ref("Enterobacter aerogenes")</code> will return <code>"Tindall et al., 2017"</code> (with a note about the renaming)</p></li>
<li><p><code>mo_ref("Enterobacter aerogenes", keep_synonyms = TRUE)</code> will return <code>"Hormaeche et al., 1960"</code> (with a once-per-session warning that the name is outdated)</p></li>
</ul><p><code>mo_ref()</code> returns the abbreviated authority of the nomenclatural act that created the queried name combination. When <code>keep_synonyms = FALSE</code> (default), this is the authority of the currently accepted name. When <code>keep_synonyms = TRUE</code>, this is the authority under which the queried (possibly outdated) name was published. Emendations (changes to the species description without a name change) are not reflected; only the combination or original description authority is returned.</p>
<p>The short name (<code>mo_shortname()</code>) returns the first character of the genus and the full species, such as <code>"E. coli"</code>, for species and subspecies. Exceptions are abbreviations of staphylococci (such as <em>"CoNS"</em>, Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci) and beta-haemolytic streptococci (such as <em>"GBS"</em>, Group B Streptococci). Please bear in mind that e.g. <em>E. coli</em> could mean <em>Escherichia coli</em> (kingdom of Bacteria) as well as <em>Entamoeba coli</em> (kingdom of Protozoa). Returning to the full name will be done using <code><a href="as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code> internally, giving priority to bacteria and human pathogens, i.e. <code>"E. coli"</code> will always be considered <em>Escherichia coli</em>. As a result, <code>mo_fullname(mo_shortname("Entamoeba coli"))</code> returns <code>"Escherichia coli"</code>.</p>
<p>The short name (<code>mo_shortname()</code>) returns the first character of the genus and the full species, such as <code>"E. coli"</code>, for species and subspecies. Exceptions are abbreviations of staphylococci (such as <em>"CoNS"</em>, Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci) and beta-haemolytic streptococci (such as <em>"GBS"</em>, Group B Streptococci). Please bear in mind that e.g. <em>E. coli</em> could mean <em>Escherichia coli</em> (domain of Bacteria) as well as <em>Entamoeba coli</em> (domain of Protozoa). Returning to the full name will be done using <code><a href="as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code> internally, giving priority to bacteria and human pathogens, i.e. <code>"E. coli"</code> will always be considered <em>Escherichia coli</em>. As a result, <code>mo_fullname(mo_shortname("Entamoeba coli"))</code> returns <code>"Escherichia coli"</code>.</p>
<p>Following the formal introduction of the new kingdom rank into prokaryotic nomenclature in 2024 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.006242" class="external-link">doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006242</a>
), <code>mo_kingdom()</code> and <code>mo_domain()</code> return different results for bacteria and archaea: <code>mo_kingdom()</code> returns the new formal kingdom (e.g. "Pseudomonadati", "Bacillati"), while <code>mo_domain()</code> returns the new domain (e.g. "Bacteria", "Archaea"). For non-prokaryotic organisms, both functions return identical results.</p>
<p>Determination of human pathogenicity (<code>mo_pathogenicity()</code>) is strongly based on Bartlett <em>et al.</em> (2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001269" class="external-link">doi:10.1099/mic.0.001269</a>
). This function returns a <a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/data.table/man/fctr.html" class="external-link">factor</a> with the levels <em>Pathogenic</em>, <em>Potentially pathogenic</em>, <em>Non-pathogenic</em>, and <em>Unknown</em>.</p>
<p>Determination of the Gram stain (<code>mo_gramstain()</code> is based on the taxonomic kingdom and phylum. Originally, Cavalier-Smith defined the so-called subkingdoms Negibacteria and Posibacteria (2002, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11837318/" class="external-link">PMID 11837318</a>), and only considered these phyla as Posibacteria: Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Tenericutes. These phyla were later renamed to Actinomycetota, Chloroflexota, Bacillota, and Mycoplasmatota (2021, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34694987/" class="external-link">PMID 34694987</a>). Bacteria in these phyla are considered Gram-positive in this <code>AMR</code> package, except for members of the class Negativicutes (within phylum Bacillota) which are Gram-negative. All other bacteria are considered Gram-negative. Species outside the kingdom of Bacteria will return a value <code>NA</code>. Functions <code>mo_is_gram_negative()</code> and <code>mo_is_gram_positive()</code> always return <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code> (or <code>NA</code> when the input is <code>NA</code> or the MO code is <code>UNKNOWN</code>), thus always return <code>FALSE</code> for species outside the taxonomic kingdom of Bacteria.</p>
<p>Determination of yeasts (<code>mo_is_yeast()</code>) is based on the taxonomic kingdom and class. <em>Budding yeasts</em> are yeasts that reproduce asexually through a process called budding, where a new cell develops from a small protrusion on the parent cell. Taxonomically, these are members of the phylum Ascomycota, class Saccharomycetes (also called Hemiascomycetes) or Pichiomycetes. <em>True yeasts</em> quite specifically refers to yeasts in the underlying order Saccharomycetales (such as <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>). Thus, for all microorganisms that are member of the taxonomic class Saccharomycetes or Pichiomycetes, the function will return <code>TRUE</code>. It returns <code>FALSE</code> otherwise (or <code>NA</code> when the input is <code>NA</code> or the MO code is <code>UNKNOWN</code>).</p>
<p>Determination of the Gram stain (<code>mo_gramstain()</code> is based on the taxonomic domain and phylum. Originally, Cavalier-Smith defined the so-called subkingdoms Negibacteria and Posibacteria (2002, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11837318/" class="external-link">PMID 11837318</a>), and only considered these phyla as Posibacteria: Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Tenericutes. These phyla were later renamed to Actinomycetota, Chloroflexota, Bacillota, and Mycoplasmatota (2021, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34694987/" class="external-link">PMID 34694987</a>). Bacteria in these phyla are considered Gram-positive in this <code>AMR</code> package, except for members of the class Negativicutes (within phylum Bacillota) which are Gram-negative. All other bacteria are considered Gram-negative. Species outside the kingdom of Bacteria will return a value <code>NA</code>. Functions <code>mo_is_gram_negative()</code> and <code>mo_is_gram_positive()</code> always return <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code> (or <code>NA</code> when the input is <code>NA</code> or the MO code is <code>UNKNOWN</code>), thus always return <code>FALSE</code> for species outside the taxonomic kingdom of Bacteria.</p>
<p>Determination of yeasts (<code>mo_is_yeast()</code>) is based on the taxonomic domain and class. <em>Budding yeasts</em> are yeasts that reproduce asexually through a process called budding, where a new cell develops from a small protrusion on the parent cell. Taxonomically, these are members of the phylum Ascomycota, class Saccharomycetes (also called Hemiascomycetes) or Pichiomycetes. <em>True yeasts</em> quite specifically refers to yeasts in the underlying order Saccharomycetales (such as <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>). Thus, for all microorganisms that are member of the taxonomic class Saccharomycetes or Pichiomycetes, the function will return <code>TRUE</code>. It returns <code>FALSE</code> otherwise (or <code>NA</code> when the input is <code>NA</code> or the MO code is <code>UNKNOWN</code>).</p>
<p>Determination of intrinsic resistance (<code>mo_is_intrinsic_resistant()</code>) is based on the <a href="intrinsic_resistant.html">intrinsic_resistant</a> data set, which is based on <a href="https://www.eucast.org/bacteria/important-additional-information/expert-rules/" class="external-link">'EUCAST Expected Resistant Phenotypes' v1.2</a> (2023). The <code>mo_is_intrinsic_resistant()</code> function can be vectorised over both argument <code>x</code> (input for microorganisms) and <code>ab</code> (input for antimicrobials).</p>
<p>Determination of both bacterial oxygen tolerance (<code>mo_oxygen_tolerance()</code>) and morphology (<code>mo_morphology()</code>) are based on BacDive, see <em>Source</em>. The function <code>mo_is_anaerobic()</code> only returns <code>TRUE</code> if the oxygen tolerance is <code>"anaerobe"</code>, indicating an obligate anaerobic species or genus. It always returns <code>FALSE</code> for species outside the taxonomic kingdom of Bacteria.</p>
<p>Determination of both bacterial oxygen tolerance (<code>mo_oxygen_tolerance()</code>) and morphology (<code>mo_morphology()</code>) are based on BacDive, see <em>Source</em>. The function <code>mo_is_anaerobic()</code> only returns <code>TRUE</code> if the oxygen tolerance is <code>"anaerobe"</code>, indicating an obligate anaerobic species or genus. It always returns <code>FALSE</code> for species outside the taxonomic domain of Bacteria.</p>
<p>The function <code>mo_url()</code> will return the direct URL to the online database entry, which also shows the scientific reference of the concerned species. <a href="https://www.mycobank.org" class="external-link">This MycoBank URL</a> is used for fungi wherever available , <a href="https://www.mycobank.org" class="external-link">this LPSN URL</a> for bacteria wherever available, and <a href="https://www.gbif.org" class="external-link">this GBIF link</a> otherwise.</p>
<p>SNOMED codes (<code>mo_snomed()</code>) was last updated on 16th of July, 2024. See <em>Source</em> and the <a href="microorganisms.html">microorganisms</a> data set for more info.</p>
<p>Old taxonomic names (so-called 'synonyms') can be retrieved with <code>mo_synonyms()</code> (which will have the scientific reference as <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/names.html" class="external-link">name</a>), the current taxonomic name can be retrieved with <code>mo_current()</code>. Both functions return full names.</p>