# ==================================================================== # # TITLE # # Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Analysis # # # # AUTHORS # # Berends MS (m.s.berends@umcg.nl), Luz CF (c.f.luz@umcg.nl) # # # # LICENCE # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.0, # # as published by the Free Software Foundation. # # # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # # GNU General Public License for more details. # # ==================================================================== # #' Transform to bacteria ID #' #' Use this function to determine a valid ID based on a genus (and species). This input can be a full name (like \code{"Staphylococcus aureus"}), an abbreviated name (like \code{"S. aureus"}), or just a genus. You could also \code{\link{select}} a genus and species column, zie Examples. #' @param x a character vector or a dataframe with one or two columns #' @param Becker a logical to indicate whether \emph{Staphylococci} should be categorised into Coagulase Negative \emph{Staphylococci} ("CoNS") and Coagulase Positive \emph{Staphylococci} ("CoPS") instead of their own species, according to Karsten Becker \emph{et al.} [1]. This excludes \emph{Staphylococcus aureus} at default, use \code{Becker = "all"} to also categorise \emph{S. aureus} as "CoPS". #' @param Lancefield a logical to indicate whether beta-haemolytic \emph{Streptococci} should be categorised into Lancefield groups instead of their own species, according to Rebecca C. Lancefield [2]. These \emph{Streptococci} will be categorised in their first group, i.e. \emph{Streptococcus dysgalactiae} will be group C, although officially it was also categorised into groups G and L. Groups D and E will be ignored, since they are \emph{Enterococci}. #' @rdname as.bactid #' @details \code{guess_bactid} is an alias of \code{as.bactid}. #' #' Some exceptions have been built in to get more logical results, based on prevalence of human pathogens. These are: #' \itemize{ #' \item{\code{"E. coli"} will return the ID of \emph{Escherichia coli} and not \emph{Entamoeba coli}, although the latter would alphabetically come first} #' \item{\code{"H. influenzae"} will return the ID of \emph{Haemophilus influenzae} and not \emph{Haematobacter influenzae}} #' \item{Something like \code{"p aer"} will return the ID of \emph{Pseudomonas aeruginosa} and not \emph{Pasteurella aerogenes}} #' \item{Something like \code{"stau"} or \code{"staaur"} will return the ID of \emph{Staphylococcus aureus} and not \emph{Staphylococcus auricularis}} #' } #' Moreover, this function also supports ID's based on only Gram stain, when the species is not known. \cr #' For example, \code{"Gram negative rods"} and \code{"GNR"} will both return the ID of a Gram negative rod: \code{GNR}. #' @source #' [1] Becker K \emph{et al.} \strong{Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci}. 2014. Clin Microbiol Rev. 27(4): 870–926. \cr #' \url{https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00109-13} \cr #' [2] Lancefield RC \strong{A serological differentiation of human and other groups of hemolytic streptococci}. 1933. J Exp Med. 57(4): 571–95. \cr #' \url{https://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.57.4.571} #' @export #' @importFrom dplyr %>% filter pull #' @return Character (vector) with class \code{"bactid"}. Unknown values will return \code{NA}. #' @seealso \code{\link{microorganisms}} for the dataframe that is being used to determine ID's. #' @examples #' # These examples all return "STAAUR", the ID of S. aureus: #' as.bactid("stau") #' as.bactid("STAU") #' as.bactid("staaur") #' as.bactid("S. aureus") #' as.bactid("S aureus") #' as.bactid("Staphylococcus aureus") #' as.bactid("MRSA") # Methicillin Resistant S. aureus #' as.bactid("VISA") # Vancomycin Intermediate S. aureus #' as.bactid("VRSA") # Vancomycin Resistant S. aureus #' #' guess_bactid("S. epidermidis") # will remain species: STAEPI #' guess_bactid("S. epidermidis", Becker = TRUE) # will not remain species: STACNS #' #' guess_bactid("S. pyogenes") # will remain species: STCAGA #' guess_bactid("S. pyogenes", Lancefield = TRUE) # will not remain species: STCGRA #' #' \dontrun{ #' df$bactid <- as.bactid(df$microorganism_name) #' #' # the select function of tidyverse is also supported: #' library(dplyr) #' df$bactid <- df %>% #' select(microorganism_name) %>% #' guess_bactid() #' #' # and can even contain 2 columns, which is convenient for genus/species combinations: #' df$bactid <- df %>% #' select(genus, species) %>% #' guess_bactid() #' #' # same result: #' df <- df %>% #' mutate(bactid = guess_bactid(paste(genus, species))) #' } as.bactid <- function(x, Becker = FALSE, Lancefield = FALSE) { failures <- character(0) if (NCOL(x) == 2) { # support tidyverse selection like: df %>% select(colA, colB) # paste these columns together x_vector <- vector("character", NROW(x)) for (i in 1:NROW(x)) { x_vector[i] <- paste(pull(x[i,], 1), pull(x[i,], 2), sep = " ") } x <- x_vector } else { if (NCOL(x) > 2) { stop('`x` can be 2 columns at most', call. = FALSE) } # support tidyverse selection like: df %>% select(colA) if (!is.vector(x)) { x <- pull(x, 1) } } x.fullbackup <- x # remove dots and other non-text in case of "E. coli" except spaces x <- gsub("[^a-zA-Z0-9 ]+", "", x) # but spaces before and after should be omitted x <- trimws(x, which = "both") x.backup <- x # replace space by regex sign x_withspaces <- gsub(" ", ".* ", x, fixed = TRUE) x <- gsub(" ", ".*", x, fixed = TRUE) # for species x_species <- paste(x, 'species') # add start en stop regex x <- paste0('^', x, '$') x_withspaces <- paste0('^', x_withspaces, '$') for (i in 1:length(x)) { if (Becker == TRUE | Becker == "all") { mo <- suppressWarnings(guess_bactid(x.fullbackup[i])) if (mo %like% '^STA') { # See Source. It's this figure: # https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187637/figure/F3/ species <- left_join_microorganisms(mo)$species if (species %in% c("arlettae", "auricularis", "capitis", "caprae", "carnosus", "cohnii", "condimenti", "devriesei", "epidermidis", "equorum", "fleurettii", "gallinarum", "haemolyticus", "hominis", "jettensis", "kloosii", "lentus", "lugdunensis", "massiliensis", "microti", "muscae", "nepalensis", "pasteuri", "petrasii", "pettenkoferi", "piscifermentans", "rostri", "saccharolyticus", "saprophyticus", "sciuri", "stepanovicii", "simulans", "succinus", "vitulinus", "warneri", "xylosus")) { x[i] <- "STACNS" next } else if ((Becker == "all" & species == "aureus") | species %in% c("simiae", "agnetis", "chromogenes", "delphini", "felis", "lutrae", "hyicus", "intermedius", "pseudintermedius", "pseudointermedius", "schleiferi")) { x[i] <- "STACPS" next } } } if (Lancefield == TRUE) { mo <- suppressWarnings(guess_bactid(x.fullbackup[i])) if (mo %like% '^STC') { # See Source species <- left_join_microorganisms(mo)$species if (species == "pyogenes") { x[i] <- "STCGRA" next } if (species == "agalactiae") { x[i] <- "STCGRB" next } if (species %in% c("equisimilis", "equi", "zooepidemicus", "dysgalactiae")) { x[i] <- "STCGRC" next } if (species == "anginosus") { x[i] <- "STCGRF" next } if (species == "sanguis") { x[i] <- "STCGRH" next } if (species == "salivarius") { x[i] <- "STCGRK" next } } } if (identical(x.backup[i], "")) { # empty values x[i] <- NA failures <- c(failures, x.fullbackup[i]) next } if (x.fullbackup[i] %in% AMR::microorganisms$bactid) { # is already a valid bactid x[i] <- x.fullbackup[i] next } if (x.backup[i] %in% AMR::microorganisms$bactid) { # is already a valid bactid x[i] <- x.backup[i] next } if (tolower(x[i]) == '^e.*coli$') { # avoid detection of Entamoeba coli in case of E. coli x[i] <- 'ESCCOL' next } if (tolower(x[i]) == '^h.*influenzae$') { # avoid detection of Haematobacter influenzae in case of H. influenzae x[i] <- 'HAEINF' next } if (tolower(x[i]) == '^st.*au$' | tolower(x[i]) == '^stau$' | tolower(x[i]) == '^staaur$') { # avoid detection of Staphylococcus auricularis in case of S. aureus x[i] <- 'STAAUR' next } if (tolower(x[i]) == '^p.*aer$') { # avoid detection of Pasteurella aerogenes in case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa x[i] <- 'PSEAER' next } if (tolower(x[i]) %like% 'coagulase negative' | tolower(x[i]) %like% 'cns' | tolower(x[i]) %like% 'cons') { # coerce S. coagulase negative, also as CNS and CoNS x[i] <- 'STACNS' next } # translate known trivial names to genus+species if (!is.na(x.backup[i])) { if (toupper(x.backup[i]) == 'MRSA' | toupper(x.backup[i]) == 'VISA' | toupper(x.backup[i]) == 'VRSA') { x[i] <- 'STAAUR' next } if (toupper(x.backup[i]) == 'MRSE') { x[i] <- 'STAEPI' next } if (toupper(x.backup[i]) == 'VRE') { x[i] <- 'ENC' next } if (toupper(x.backup[i]) == 'MRPA') { # multi resistant P. aeruginosa x[i] <- 'PSEAER' next } if (toupper(x.backup[i]) %in% c('PISP', 'PRSP', 'VISP', 'VRSP')) { # peni R, peni I, vanco I, vanco R: S. pneumoniae x[i] <- 'STCPNE' next } } # let's try the ID's first found <- AMR::microorganisms[which(AMR::microorganisms$bactid == x.backup[i]),]$bactid if (length(found) > 0) { x[i] <- found[1L] next } # now try exact match found <- AMR::microorganisms[which(AMR::microorganisms$fullname == x[i]),]$bactid if (length(found) > 0) { x[i] <- found[1L] next } # try any match keeping spaces found <- AMR::microorganisms[which(AMR::microorganisms$fullname %like% x_withspaces[i]),]$bactid if (length(found) > 0) { x[i] <- found[1L] next } # try any match diregarding spaces found <- AMR::microorganisms[which(AMR::microorganisms$fullname %like% x[i]),]$bactid if (length(found) > 0) { x[i] <- found[1L] next } # try exact match of only genus, with 'species' attached # (this prevents Streptococcus from becoming Peptostreptococcus, since "p" < "s") found <- AMR::microorganisms[which(AMR::microorganisms$fullname == x_species[i]),]$bactid if (length(found) > 0) { x[i] <- found[1L] next } # try any match of only genus, with 'species' attached found <- AMR::microorganisms[which(AMR::microorganisms$fullname %like% x_species[i]),]$bactid if (length(found) > 0) { x[i] <- found[1L] next } # search for GLIMS code found <- AMR::microorganisms.umcg[which(toupper(AMR::microorganisms.umcg$mocode) == toupper(x.backup[i])),]$bactid if (length(found) > 0) { x[i] <- found[1L] next } # try splitting of characters and then find ID # like esco = E. coli, klpn = K. pneumoniae, stau = S. aureus x_split <- x x_length <- nchar(x.backup[i]) x_split[i] <- paste0(x.backup[i] %>% substr(1, x_length / 2) %>% trimws(), '.* ', x.backup[i] %>% substr((x_length / 2) + 1, x_length) %>% trimws()) found <- AMR::microorganisms[which(AMR::microorganisms$fullname %like% paste0('^', x_split[i])),]$bactid if (length(found) > 0) { x[i] <- found[1L] next } # try any match with text before and after original search string # so "negative rods" will be "GNR" if (x.backup[i] %like% "^Gram") { x.backup[i] <- gsub("^Gram", "", x.backup[i], ignore.case = TRUE) # remove leading and trailing spaces again x.backup[i] <- trimws(x.backup[i], which = "both") } if (!is.na(x.backup[i])) { found <- AMR::microorganisms[which(AMR::microorganisms$fullname %like% x.backup[i]),]$bactid if (length(found) > 0) { x[i] <- found[1L] next } } # not found x[i] <- NA_character_ failures <- c(failures, x.fullbackup[i]) } failures <- failures[!failures %in% c(NA, NULL, NaN)] if (length(failures) > 0) { warning("These values could not be coerced to a valid bactid: ", paste('"', unique(failures), '"', sep = "", collapse = ', '), ".", call. = FALSE) } class(x) <- "bactid" attr(x, 'package') <- 'AMR' x } #' @rdname as.bactid #' @export guess_bactid <- as.bactid #' @rdname as.bactid #' @export is.bactid <- function(x) { identical(class(x), "bactid") } #' @exportMethod print.bactid #' @export #' @noRd print.bactid <- function(x, ...) { cat("Class 'bactid'\n") print.default(as.character(x), quote = FALSE) } #' @exportMethod as.data.frame.bactid #' @export #' @noRd as.data.frame.bactid <- function (x, ...) { # same as as.data.frame.character but with removed stringsAsFactors nm <- paste(deparse(substitute(x), width.cutoff = 500L), collapse = " ") if (!"nm" %in% names(list(...))) { as.data.frame.vector(x, ..., nm = nm) } else { as.data.frame.vector(x, ...) } } #' @exportMethod pull.bactid #' @export #' @importFrom dplyr pull #' @noRd pull.bactid <- function(.data, ...) { pull(as.data.frame(.data), ...) }