These functions determine which items in a vector can be considered (the start of) a new episode, based on the argument episode_days. This can be used to determine clinical episodes for any epidemiological analysis. The get_episode() function returns the index number of the episode per group, while the is_new_episode() function returns values TRUE/FALSE to indicate whether an item in a vector is the start of a new episode.
Arguments
- x
vector of dates (class
DateorPOSIXt), will be sorted internally to determine episodes- episode_days
required episode length in days, can also be less than a day or
Inf, see Details- ...
ignored, only in place to allow future extensions
Details
Dates are first sorted from old to new. The oldest date will mark the start of the first episode. After this date, the next date will be marked that is at least episode_days days later than the start of the first episode. From that second marked date on, the next date will be marked that is at least episode_days days later than the start of the second episode which will be the start of the third episode, and so on. Before the vector is being returned, the original order will be restored.
The first_isolate() function is a wrapper around the is_new_episode() function, but is more efficient for data sets containing microorganism codes or names and allows for different isolate selection methods.
The dplyr package is not required for these functions to work, but these functions do support variable grouping and work conveniently inside dplyr verbs such as filter(), mutate() and summarise().
Examples
# `example_isolates` is a data set available in the AMR package.
# See ?example_isolates
df <- example_isolates[sample(seq_len(2000), size = 200), ]
get_episode(df$date, episode_days = 60) # indices
#> [1] 56 58 21 46 12 43 36 38 26 65 24 10 57 39 9 61 62 19 16 6 63 35 46 61 27
#> [26] 65 54 57 60 5 52 11 35 47 4 53 61 23 63 10 28 15 1 4 18 59 9 41 51 38
#> [51] 52 60 10 19 38 2 45 34 41 30 38 27 29 8 8 24 39 2 26 52 34 41 63 16 3
#> [76] 58 24 17 38 42 30 52 13 18 5 10 63 13 55 48 7 47 40 52 34 38 15 62 28 9
#> [101] 16 56 40 6 53 32 5 2 50 23 6 16 1 64 39 27 47 12 19 62 25 52 56 48 28
#> [126] 58 21 62 65 44 10 15 10 15 62 55 65 50 28 12 42 61 62 63 6 49 59 33 23 53
#> [151] 38 15 20 56 26 46 60 36 40 32 18 29 8 16 37 4 31 15 4 38 62 36 22 43 33
#> [176] 40 38 37 64 17 19 9 14 2 22 59 37 11 22 28 53 31 12 56 42 52 7 13 30 22
is_new_episode(df$date, episode_days = 60) # TRUE/FALSE
#> [1] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
#> [13] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
#> [25] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
#> [37] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
#> [49] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
#> [61] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
#> [73] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
#> [85] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
#> [97] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
#> [109] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
#> [121] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
#> [133] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
#> [145] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
#> [157] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
#> [169] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
#> [181] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
#> [193] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
# filter on results from the third 60-day episode only, using base R
df[which(get_episode(df$date, 60) == 3), ]
#> # A tibble: 1 × 46
#> date patient age gender ward mo PEN OXA FLC AMX
#> <date> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <mo> <rsi> <rsi> <rsi> <rsi>
#> 1 2002-12-14 144280 76 F Clinical B_STPHY_AURS R NA S R
#> # … with 36 more variables: AMC <rsi>, AMP <rsi>, TZP <rsi>, CZO <rsi>,
#> # FEP <rsi>, CXM <rsi>, FOX <rsi>, CTX <rsi>, CAZ <rsi>, CRO <rsi>,
#> # GEN <rsi>, TOB <rsi>, AMK <rsi>, KAN <rsi>, TMP <rsi>, SXT <rsi>,
#> # NIT <rsi>, FOS <rsi>, LNZ <rsi>, CIP <rsi>, MFX <rsi>, VAN <rsi>,
#> # TEC <rsi>, TCY <rsi>, TGC <rsi>, DOX <rsi>, ERY <rsi>, CLI <rsi>,
#> # AZM <rsi>, IPM <rsi>, MEM <rsi>, MTR <rsi>, CHL <rsi>, COL <rsi>,
#> # MUP <rsi>, RIF <rsi>
# the functions also work for less than a day, e.g. to include one per hour:
get_episode(c(
Sys.time(),
Sys.time() + 60 * 60
),
episode_days = 1 / 24
)
#> [1] 1 2
# \donttest{
if (require("dplyr")) {
# is_new_episode() can also be used in dplyr verbs to determine patient
# episodes based on any (combination of) grouping variables:
df %>%
mutate(condition = sample(
x = c("A", "B", "C"),
size = 200,
replace = TRUE
)) %>%
group_by(condition) %>%
mutate(new_episode = is_new_episode(date, 365)) %>%
select(patient, date, condition, new_episode)
}
#> # A tibble: 200 × 4
#> # Groups: condition [3]
#> patient date condition new_episode
#> <chr> <date> <chr> <lgl>
#> 1 0DBF93 2015-10-12 B TRUE
#> 2 F61180 2016-02-15 C FALSE
#> 3 351193 2007-01-15 B TRUE
#> 4 685398 2013-04-16 A TRUE
#> 5 978187 2004-09-28 A FALSE
#> 6 743093 2012-09-14 B FALSE
#> 7 725779 2010-09-04 C FALSE
#> 8 E16523 2011-06-25 A FALSE
#> 9 F3BD65 2008-01-30 A FALSE
#> 10 3D2C93 2017-12-13 C TRUE
#> # … with 190 more rows
if (require("dplyr")) {
df %>%
group_by(ward, patient) %>%
transmute(date,
patient,
new_index = get_episode(date, 60),
new_logical = is_new_episode(date, 60)
)
}
#> # A tibble: 200 × 5
#> # Groups: ward, patient [181]
#> ward date patient new_index new_logical
#> <chr> <date> <chr> <dbl> <lgl>
#> 1 Clinical 2015-10-12 0DBF93 1 TRUE
#> 2 ICU 2016-02-15 F61180 1 TRUE
#> 3 ICU 2007-01-15 351193 1 TRUE
#> 4 Clinical 2013-04-16 685398 1 TRUE
#> 5 ICU 2004-09-28 978187 1 TRUE
#> 6 Outpatient 2012-09-14 743093 1 TRUE
#> 7 Outpatient 2010-09-04 725779 1 TRUE
#> 8 Clinical 2011-06-25 E16523 1 TRUE
#> 9 Outpatient 2008-01-30 F3BD65 1 TRUE
#> 10 ICU 2017-12-13 3D2C93 1 TRUE
#> # … with 190 more rows
if (require("dplyr")) {
df %>%
group_by(ward) %>%
summarise(
n_patients = n_distinct(patient),
n_episodes_365 = sum(is_new_episode(date, episode_days = 365)),
n_episodes_60 = sum(is_new_episode(date, episode_days = 60)),
n_episodes_30 = sum(is_new_episode(date, episode_days = 30))
)
}
#> # A tibble: 3 × 5
#> ward n_patients n_episodes_365 n_episodes_60 n_episodes_30
#> <chr> <int> <int> <int> <int>
#> 1 Clinical 113 15 51 67
#> 2 ICU 53 12 32 38
#> 3 Outpatient 15 8 13 14
if (require("dplyr")) {
# grouping on patients and microorganisms leads to the same
# results as first_isolate() when using 'episode-based':
x <- df %>%
filter_first_isolate(
include_unknown = TRUE,
method = "episode-based"
)
y <- df %>%
group_by(patient, mo) %>%
filter(is_new_episode(date, 365)) %>%
ungroup()
identical(x, y)
}
#> Including isolates from ICU.
#> [1] FALSE
if (require("dplyr")) {
# but is_new_episode() has a lot more flexibility than first_isolate(),
# since you can now group on anything that seems relevant:
df %>%
group_by(patient, mo, ward) %>%
mutate(flag_episode = is_new_episode(date, 365)) %>%
select(group_vars(.), flag_episode)
}
#> # A tibble: 200 × 4
#> # Groups: patient, mo, ward [190]
#> patient mo ward flag_episode
#> <chr> <mo> <chr> <lgl>
#> 1 0DBF93 B_STPHY_EPDR Clinical TRUE
#> 2 F61180 B_ESCHR_COLI ICU TRUE
#> 3 351193 B_ESCHR_COLI ICU TRUE
#> 4 685398 B_STRPT_GRPB Clinical TRUE
#> 5 978187 B_STRPT_SLVR ICU TRUE
#> 6 743093 B_ENTRBC_CLOC Outpatient TRUE
#> 7 725779 B_STRPT_PNMN Outpatient TRUE
#> 8 E16523 B_STRPT_EQNS Clinical TRUE
#> 9 F3BD65 B_STRPT_ANGN Outpatient TRUE
#> 10 3D2C93 B_STPHY_EPDR ICU TRUE
#> # … with 190 more rows
# }