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<h1>How to determine multi-drug resistance (MDR)</h1>
<h4 class="author">Matthijs S. Berends</h4>
<h4 class="date">08 August 2019</h4>
<div class="hidden name"><code>MDR.Rmd</code></div>
</div>
<p>With the function <code><a href="../reference/mdro.html">mdro()</a></code>, you can determine multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO). It currently support these guidelines:</p>
<ul>
<li>“Intrinsic Resistance and Exceptional Phenotypes Tables”, by EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing)</li>
<li>“Companion handbook to the WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis”, by WHO (World Health Organization)</li>
<li>“WIP-Richtlijn Bijzonder Resistente Micro-organismen (BRMO)”, by RIVM (Rijksinstituut voor de Volksgezondheid, the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment)</li>
</ul>
<p>As an example, I will make a data set to determine multi-drug resistant TB:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="co"># a helper function to get a random vector with values S, I and R</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="co"># with the probabilities 50%-10%-40%</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-3" data-line-number="3">sample_rsi &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="cf">function</span>() {</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-4" data-line-number="4"> <span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/topics/sample">sample</a></span>(<span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/topics/c">c</a></span>(<span class="st">"S"</span>, <span class="st">"I"</span>, <span class="st">"R"</span>),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-5" data-line-number="5"> <span class="dt">size =</span> <span class="dv">5000</span>,</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-6" data-line-number="6"> <span class="dt">prob =</span> <span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/topics/c">c</a></span>(<span class="fl">0.5</span>, <span class="fl">0.1</span>, <span class="fl">0.4</span>),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-7" data-line-number="7"> <span class="dt">replace =</span> <span class="ot">TRUE</span>)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-8" data-line-number="8">}</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-9" data-line-number="9"></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-10" data-line-number="10">my_TB_data &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/topics/data.frame">data.frame</a></span>(<span class="dt">rifampicin =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-11" data-line-number="11"> <span class="dt">isoniazid =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-12" data-line-number="12"> <span class="dt">gatifloxacin =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-13" data-line-number="13"> <span class="dt">ethambutol =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-14" data-line-number="14"> <span class="dt">pyrazinamide =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-15" data-line-number="15"> <span class="dt">moxifloxacin =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-16" data-line-number="16"> <span class="dt">kanamycin =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>())</a></code></pre></div>
<p>Because all column names are automatically verified for valid drug names or codes, this would have worked exactly the same:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-1" data-line-number="1">my_TB_data &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/topics/data.frame">data.frame</a></span>(<span class="dt">RIF =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-2" data-line-number="2"> <span class="dt">INH =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-3" data-line-number="3"> <span class="dt">GAT =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-4" data-line-number="4"> <span class="dt">ETH =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-5" data-line-number="5"> <span class="dt">PZA =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-6" data-line-number="6"> <span class="dt">MFX =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>(),</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-7" data-line-number="7"> <span class="dt">KAN =</span> <span class="kw">sample_rsi</span>())</a></code></pre></div>
<p>The data set looks like this now:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/utils/topics/head">head</a></span>(my_TB_data)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="co"># rifampicin isoniazid gatifloxacin ethambutol pyrazinamide moxifloxacin</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-3" data-line-number="3"><span class="co"># 1 S S S S R S</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-4" data-line-number="4"><span class="co"># 2 S R S R R S</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-5" data-line-number="5"><span class="co"># 3 R R S S S S</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-6" data-line-number="6"><span class="co"># 4 I R R S S S</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-7" data-line-number="7"><span class="co"># 5 R I R S R R</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-8" data-line-number="8"><span class="co"># 6 R S S S S R</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-9" data-line-number="9"><span class="co"># kanamycin</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-10" data-line-number="10"><span class="co"># 1 S</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-11" data-line-number="11"><span class="co"># 2 R</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-12" data-line-number="12"><span class="co"># 3 R</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-13" data-line-number="13"><span class="co"># 4 I</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-14" data-line-number="14"><span class="co"># 5 R</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb3-15" data-line-number="15"><span class="co"># 6 R</span></a></code></pre></div>
<p>We can now add the interpretation of MDR-TB to our data set:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb4-1" data-line-number="1">my_TB_data<span class="op">$</span>mdr &lt;-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw"><a href="../reference/mdro.html">mdr_tb</a></span>(my_TB_data)</a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb4-2" data-line-number="2"><span class="co"># </span><span class="al">NOTE</span><span class="co">: No column found as input for `col_mo`, assuming all records contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb4-3" data-line-number="3"><span class="co"># Determining multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO), according to:</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb4-4" data-line-number="4"><span class="co"># Guideline: Companion handbook to the WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb4-5" data-line-number="5"><span class="co"># Version: WHO/HTM/TB/2014.11</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb4-6" data-line-number="6"><span class="co"># Author: WHO (World Health Organization)</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb4-7" data-line-number="7"><span class="co"># Source: https://www.who.int/tb/publications/pmdt_companionhandbook/en/</span></a>
<a class="sourceLine" id="cb4-8" data-line-number="8"><span class="co"># </span><span class="al">NOTE</span><span class="co">: Reliability might be improved if these antimicrobial results would be available too: CAP (capreomycin), RIB (rifabutin), RFP (rifapentine)</span></a></code></pre></div>
<p>We also created a package dedicated to data cleaning and checking, called the <code>clean</code> package. It gets automatically installed with the <code>AMR</code> package, so we only have to load it:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb5-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/topics/library">library</a></span>(clean)</a></code></pre></div>
<p>It contains the <code><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/clean/topics/freq">freq()</a></code> function, to create a frequency table:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb6-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/clean/topics/freq">freq</a></span>(my_TB_data<span class="op">$</span>mdr)</a></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Frequency table</strong></p>
<p>Class: factor &gt; ordered (numeric)<br>
Length: 5,000 (of which NA: 0 = 0.00%)<br>
Levels: 5: Negative &lt; Mono-resistance &lt; Poly-resistance &lt; Multidrug resistance…<br>
Unique: 5</p>
<table class="table">
<thead><tr class="header">
<th align="left"></th>
<th align="left">Item</th>
<th align="right">Count</th>
<th align="right">Percent</th>
<th align="right">Cum. Count</th>
<th align="right">Cum. Percent</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">1</td>
<td align="left">Mono-resistance</td>
<td align="right">3270</td>
<td align="right">65.4%</td>
<td align="right">3270</td>
<td align="right">65.4%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">2</td>
<td align="left">Negative</td>
<td align="right">645</td>
<td align="right">12.9%</td>
<td align="right">3915</td>
<td align="right">78.3%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">3</td>
<td align="left">Multidrug resistance</td>
<td align="right">593</td>
<td align="right">11.9%</td>
<td align="right">4508</td>
<td align="right">90.2%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">4</td>
<td align="left">Poly-resistance</td>
<td align="right">275</td>
<td align="right">5.5%</td>
<td align="right">4783</td>
<td align="right">95.7%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">5</td>
<td align="left">Extensive drug resistance</td>
<td align="right">217</td>
<td align="right">4.3%</td>
<td align="right">5000</td>
<td align="right">100.0%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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