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<h1 data-toc-skip>Benchmarks</h1>
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<small class="dont-index">Source: <a href="https://github.com/msberends/AMR/blob/master/vignettes/benchmarks.Rmd"><code>vignettes/benchmarks.Rmd</code></a></small>
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<p>One of the most important features of this package is the complete microbial taxonomic database, supplied by the <a href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org">Catalogue of Life</a> (CoL) and the <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de">List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</a> (LPSN). We created a function <code><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code> that transforms any user input value to a valid microbial ID by using intelligent rules combined with the microbial taxonomy.</p>
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<p>Using the <code>microbenchmark</code> package, we can review the calculation performance of this function. Its function <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/microbenchmark/man/microbenchmark.html">microbenchmark()</a></code> runs different input expressions independently of each other and measures their time-to-result.</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
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<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="kw"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va"><a href="https://github.com/joshuaulrich/microbenchmark/">microbenchmark</a></span><span class="op">)</span>
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<span class="kw"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va"><a href="https://msberends.github.io/AMR/">AMR</a></span><span class="op">)</span>
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<span class="kw"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org">dplyr</a></span><span class="op">)</span></code></pre></div>
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<p>In the next test, we try to ‘coerce’ different input values into the microbial code of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. Coercion is a computational process of forcing output based on an input. For microorganism names, coercing user input to taxonomically valid microorganism names is crucial to ensure correct interpretation and to enable grouping based on taxonomic properties.</p>
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<p>The actual result is the same every time: it returns its microorganism code <code>B_STPHY_AURS</code> (<em>B</em> stands for <em>Bacteria</em>, its taxonomic kingdom).</p>
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<p>But the calculation time differs a lot:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
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<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="va">S.aureus</span> <span class="op"><-</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/microbenchmark/man/microbenchmark.html">microbenchmark</a></span><span class="op">(</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"sau"</span><span class="op">)</span>, <span class="co"># WHONET code</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"stau"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"STAU"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"staaur"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"STAAUR"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"S. aureus"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"S aureus"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Staphylococcus aureus"</span><span class="op">)</span>, <span class="co"># official taxonomic name</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)"</span><span class="op">)</span>, <span class="co"># additional text</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Sthafilokkockus aaureuz"</span><span class="op">)</span>, <span class="co"># incorrect spelling</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"MRSA"</span><span class="op">)</span>, <span class="co"># Methicillin Resistant S. aureus</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"VISA"</span><span class="op">)</span>, <span class="co"># Vancomycin Intermediate S. aureus</span>
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times <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">25</span><span class="op">)</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">S.aureus</span>, unit <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, signif <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">2</span><span class="op">)</span>
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<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
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<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq max neval</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("sau") 9.9 11.0 13.0 11.0 12.0 43 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("stau") 52.0 55.0 68.0 58.0 86.0 95 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("STAU") 53.0 56.0 73.0 62.0 93.0 100 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("staaur") 10.0 11.0 17.0 11.0 12.0 48 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("STAAUR") 10.0 11.0 14.0 11.0 13.0 48 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("S. aureus") 27.0 28.0 41.0 33.0 60.0 73 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("S aureus") 27.0 28.0 49.0 34.0 64.0 160 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("Staphylococcus aureus") 2.9 3.2 4.8 3.4 3.7 36 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)") 250.0 260.0 270.0 270.0 280.0 320 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("Sthafilokkockus aaureuz") 170.0 200.0 210.0 210.0 210.0 310 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("MRSA") 10.0 11.0 16.0 12.0 12.0 50 25</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("VISA") 19.0 20.0 27.0 21.0 23.0 60 25</span></code></pre></div>
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<p><img src="benchmarks_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" width="750"></p>
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<p>In the table above, all measurements are shown in milliseconds (thousands of seconds). A value of 5 milliseconds means it can determine 200 input values per second. It case of 200 milliseconds, this is only 5 input values per second. It is clear that accepted taxonomic names are extremely fast, but some variations are up to 200 times slower to determine.</p>
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<p>To improve performance, we implemented two important algorithms to save unnecessary calculations: <strong>repetitive results</strong> and <strong>already precalculated results</strong>.</p>
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<div id="repetitive-results" class="section level3">
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<h3 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#repetitive-results" class="anchor"></a>Repetitive results</h3>
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<p>Repetitive results are values that are present more than once in a vector. Unique values will only be calculated once by <code><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code>. So running <code><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo(c("E. coli", "E. coli"))</a></code> will check the value <code>"E. coli"</code> only once.</p>
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<p>To prove this, we will use <code><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name()</a></code> for testing - a helper function that returns the full microbial name (genus, species and possibly subspecies) which uses <code><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code> internally.</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
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<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="co"># start with the example_isolates data set</span>
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<span class="va">x</span> <span class="op"><-</span> <span class="va">example_isolates</span> <span class="op">%>%</span>
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<span class="co"># take all MO codes from the 'mo' column</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html">pull</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">mo</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">%>%</span>
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<span class="co"># and copy them a thousand times</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/rep.html">rep</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fl">1000</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">%>%</span>
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<span class="co"># then scramble them</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/sample.html">sample</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span>
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<span class="co"># what do these values look like? They are of class <mo>:</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/head.html">head</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">x</span><span class="op">)</span>
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<span class="co"># Class <mo></span>
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<span class="co"># [1] B_STRPT_PYGN B_STPHY_HMNS B_STPHY_CONS B_STRPT_SLVR B_ENTRBC_CLOC</span>
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<span class="co"># [6] B_STPHY_CONS</span>
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<span class="co"># as the example_isolates data set has 2,000 rows, we should have 2 million items</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">x</span><span class="op">)</span>
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<span class="co"># [1] 2000000</span>
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<span class="co"># and how many unique values do we have?</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/n_distinct.html">n_distinct</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">x</span><span class="op">)</span>
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<span class="co"># [1] 90</span>
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<span class="co"># now let's see:</span>
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<span class="va">run_it</span> <span class="op"><-</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/microbenchmark/man/microbenchmark.html">microbenchmark</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">x</span><span class="op">)</span>,
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times <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">10</span><span class="op">)</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">run_it</span>, unit <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, signif <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">3</span><span class="op">)</span>
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<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
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<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq max neval</span>
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<span class="co"># mo_name(x) 161 194 224 204 229 368 10</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>So getting official taxonomic names of 2,000,000 (!!) items consisting of 90 unique values only takes 0.204 seconds. That is 102 nanoseconds on average. You only lose time on your unique input values.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="precalculated-results" class="section level3">
|
||
<h3 class="hasAnchor">
|
||
<a href="#precalculated-results" class="anchor"></a>Precalculated results</h3>
|
||
<p>What about precalculated results? If the input is an already precalculated result of a helper function such as <code><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name()</a></code>, it almost doesn’t take any time at all. In other words, if you run <code><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name()</a></code> on a valid taxonomic name, it will return the results immediately (see ‘C’ below):</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
|
||
<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="va">run_it</span> <span class="op"><-</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/microbenchmark/man/microbenchmark.html">microbenchmark</a></span><span class="op">(</span>A <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"STAAUR"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
B <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"S. aureus"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
C <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Staphylococcus aureus"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
times <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">10</span><span class="op">)</span>
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">run_it</span>, unit <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, signif <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">3</span><span class="op">)</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq max neval</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># A 7.45 7.84 12.70 8.62 9.16 51.10 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># B 23.80 24.50 30.60 26.30 28.80 70.20 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># C 1.66 1.74 1.85 1.79 1.92 2.24 10</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>So going from <code><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name("Staphylococcus aureus")</a></code> to <code>"Staphylococcus aureus"</code> takes 0.0018 seconds - it doesn’t even start calculating <em>if the result would be the same as the expected resulting value</em>. That goes for all helper functions:</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
|
||
<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="va">run_it</span> <span class="op"><-</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/microbenchmark/man/microbenchmark.html">microbenchmark</a></span><span class="op">(</span>A <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_species</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"aureus"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
B <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_genus</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Staphylococcus"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
C <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Staphylococcus aureus"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
D <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_family</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Staphylococcaceae"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
E <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_order</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Bacillales"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
F <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_class</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Bacilli"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
G <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_phylum</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Firmicutes"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
H <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_kingdom</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Bacteria"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
times <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">10</span><span class="op">)</span>
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">run_it</span>, unit <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, signif <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">3</span><span class="op">)</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq max neval</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># A 1.59 1.60 1.91 1.97 2.15 2.28 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># B 1.58 1.61 1.87 1.86 1.96 2.39 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># C 1.55 1.57 1.64 1.63 1.69 1.79 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># D 1.57 1.60 1.83 1.72 1.92 2.73 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># E 1.50 1.74 1.86 1.86 2.03 2.24 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># F 1.49 1.55 1.75 1.67 1.90 2.24 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># G 1.54 1.59 1.69 1.65 1.77 1.95 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># H 1.57 1.58 1.75 1.72 1.78 2.21 10</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>Of course, when running <code><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_phylum("Firmicutes")</a></code> the function has zero knowledge about the actual microorganism, namely <em>S. aureus</em>. But since the result would be <code>"Firmicutes"</code> anyway, there is no point in calculating the result. And because this package contains all phyla of all known bacteria, it can just return the initial value immediately.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="results-in-other-languages" class="section level3">
|
||
<h3 class="hasAnchor">
|
||
<a href="#results-in-other-languages" class="anchor"></a>Results in other languages</h3>
|
||
<p>When the system language is non-English and supported by this <code>AMR</code> package, some functions will have a translated result. This almost does’t take extra time:</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
|
||
<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"en"</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="co"># or just mo_name("CoNS") on an English system</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># [1] "Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS)"</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"es"</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="co"># or just mo_name("CoNS") on a Spanish system</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># [1] "Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo (SCN)"</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"nl"</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="co"># or just mo_name("CoNS") on a Dutch system</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># [1] "Coagulase-negatieve Staphylococcus (CNS)"</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="va">run_it</span> <span class="op"><-</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/microbenchmark/man/microbenchmark.html">microbenchmark</a></span><span class="op">(</span>en <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"en"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
de <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"de"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
nl <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"nl"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
es <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"es"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
it <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"it"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
fr <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"fr"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
pt <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"pt"</span><span class="op">)</span>,
|
||
times <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">100</span><span class="op">)</span>
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">run_it</span>, unit <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, signif <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">4</span><span class="op">)</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq max neval</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># en 17.33 18.21 21.97 19.06 20.40 68.32 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># de 20.44 21.37 30.49 22.33 24.97 78.42 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># nl 25.13 26.10 31.91 27.11 28.50 86.00 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># es 20.28 21.16 26.37 22.03 23.67 74.74 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># it 20.06 21.00 26.05 21.95 23.42 94.16 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># fr 19.90 20.63 24.40 21.85 22.82 69.07 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># pt 20.22 21.03 25.63 21.89 23.24 76.63 100</span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<p>Currently supported non-English languages are German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, French and Portuguese.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-md-3 hidden-xs hidden-sm" id="pkgdown-sidebar">
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<p>Developed by <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/m.s.berends/">Matthijs S. Berends</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.f.luz/">Christian F. Luz</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.w.friedrich/">Alexander W. Friedrich</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/b.sinha/">Bhanu N. M. Sinha</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.j.albers/">Casper J. Albers</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.glasner/">Corinna Glasner</a>.</p>
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