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<meta property="og:description" content="These functions can be used to calculate the (co-)resistance of microbial isolates (i.e. percentage of S, SI, I, IR or R). All functions support quasiquotation with pipes, can be used in dplyrs summarise and support grouped variables, see Examples.
portion_R and portion_IR can be used to calculate resistance, portion_S and portion_SI can be used to calculate susceptibility." />
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<h1>Calculate resistance of isolates</h1>
<div class="hidden name"><code>portion.Rd</code></div>
</div>
<div class="ref-description">
<p>These functions can be used to calculate the (co-)resistance of microbial isolates (i.e. percentage of S, SI, I, IR or R). All functions support quasiquotation with pipes, can be used in <code>dplyr</code>s <code><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html'>summarise</a></code> and support grouped variables, see <em>Examples</em>.</p>
<p><code>portion_R</code> and <code>portion_IR</code> can be used to calculate resistance, <code>portion_S</code> and <code>portion_SI</code> can be used to calculate susceptibility.<br /></p>
</div>
<pre class="usage"><span class='fu'>portion_R</span>(<span class='no'>...</span>, <span class='kw'>minimum</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>30</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>,
<span class='kw'>also_single_tested</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>)
<span class='fu'>portion_IR</span>(<span class='no'>...</span>, <span class='kw'>minimum</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>30</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>,
<span class='kw'>also_single_tested</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>)
<span class='fu'>portion_I</span>(<span class='no'>...</span>, <span class='kw'>minimum</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>30</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>,
<span class='kw'>also_single_tested</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>)
<span class='fu'>portion_SI</span>(<span class='no'>...</span>, <span class='kw'>minimum</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>30</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>,
<span class='kw'>also_single_tested</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>)
<span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>...</span>, <span class='kw'>minimum</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>30</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>,
<span class='kw'>also_single_tested</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>)
<span class='fu'>portion_df</span>(<span class='no'>data</span>, <span class='kw'>translate_ab</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='st'>"name"</span>, <span class='kw'>language</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='translate.html'>get_locale</a></span>(),
<span class='kw'>minimum</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>30</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>, <span class='kw'>combine_SI</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>,
<span class='kw'>combine_IR</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>)</pre>
<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="arguments"><a class="anchor" href="#arguments"></a>Arguments</h2>
<table class="ref-arguments">
<colgroup><col class="name" /><col class="desc" /></colgroup>
<tr>
<th>...</th>
<td><p>one or more vectors (or columns) with antibiotic interpretations. They will be transformed internally with <code><a href='as.rsi.html'>as.rsi</a></code> if needed. Use multiple columns to calculate (the lack of) co-resistance: the probability where one of two drugs have a resistant or susceptible result. See Examples.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>minimum</th>
<td><p>the minimum allowed number of available (tested) isolates. Any isolate count lower than <code>minimum</code> will return <code>NA</code> with a warning. The default number of <code>30</code> isolates is advised by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) as best practice, see Source.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>as_percent</th>
<td><p>a logical to indicate whether the output must be returned as a hundred fold with % sign (a character). A value of <code>0.123456</code> will then be returned as <code>"12.3%"</code>.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>also_single_tested</th>
<td><p>a logical to indicate whether (in combination therapies) also observations should be included where not all antibiotics were tested, but at least one of the tested antibiotics contains a target interpretation (e.g. S in case of <code>portion_S</code> and R in case of <code>portion_R</code>). <strong>This would lead to selection bias in almost all cases.</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>data</th>
<td><p>a <code>data.frame</code> containing columns with class <code>rsi</code> (see <code><a href='as.rsi.html'>as.rsi</a></code>)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>translate_ab</th>
<td><p>a column name of the <code><a href='antibiotics.html'>antibiotics</a></code> data set to translate the antibiotic abbreviations to, using <code><a href='ab_property.html'>ab_property</a></code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>language</th>
<td><p>language of the returned text, defaults to system language (see <code><a href='translate.html'>get_locale</a></code>) and can also be set with <code><a href='https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/topics/options'>getOption</a>("AMR_locale")</code>. Use <code>language = NULL</code> or <code>language = ""</code> to prevent translation.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>combine_SI</th>
<td><p>a logical to indicate whether all values of S and I must be merged into one, so the output only consists of S+I vs. R (susceptible vs. resistant). This used to be the parameter <code>combine_IR</code>, but this now follows the redefinition by EUCAST about the interpretion of I (increased exposure) in 2019, see section 'Interpretation of S, I and R' below. Default is <code>TRUE</code>.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>combine_IR</th>
<td><p>a logical to indicate whether all values of I and R must be merged into one, so the output only consists of S vs. I+R (susceptible vs. non-susceptible). This is outdated, see parameter <code>combine_SI</code>.</p></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="source"><a class="anchor" href="#source"></a>Source</h2>
<p><strong>M39 Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data, 4th Edition</strong>, 2014, <em>Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)</em>. <a href='https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m39/'>https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m39/</a>.</p>
<p>Wickham H. <strong>Tidy Data.</strong> The Journal of Statistical Software, vol. 59, 2014. <a href='http://vita.had.co.nz/papers/tidy-data.html'>http://vita.had.co.nz/papers/tidy-data.html</a></p>
<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="value"><a class="anchor" href="#value"></a>Value</h2>
<p>Double or, when <code>as_percent = TRUE</code>, a character.</p>
<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="details"><a class="anchor" href="#details"></a>Details</h2>
<p><strong>Remember that you should filter your table to let it contain only first isolates!</strong> Use <code><a href='first_isolate.html'>first_isolate</a></code> to determine them in your data set.</p>
<p>These functions are not meant to count isolates, but to calculate the portion of resistance/susceptibility. Use the <code><a href='count.html'>count</a></code> functions to count isolates. <em>Low counts can infuence the outcome - these <code>portion</code> functions may camouflage this, since they only return the portion albeit being dependent on the <code>minimum</code> parameter.</em></p>
<p><code>portion_df</code> takes any variable from <code>data</code> that has an <code>"rsi"</code> class (created with <code><a href='as.rsi.html'>as.rsi</a></code>) and calculates the portions R, I and S. The resulting <em>tidy data</em> (see Source) <code>data.frame</code> will have three rows (S/I/R) and a column for each variable with class <code>"rsi"</code>.
<br /><br />
To calculate the probability (<em>p</em>) of susceptibility of one antibiotic, we use this formula:
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src='figures/combi_therapy_2.png' alt='' /></div>
To calculate the probability (<em>p</em>) of susceptibility of more antibiotics (i.e. combination therapy), we need to check whether one of them has a susceptible result (as numerator) and count all cases where all antibiotics were tested (as denominator). <br />
<br />
For two antibiotics:
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src='figures/combi_therapy_2.png' alt='' /></div>
<br />
For three antibiotics:
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src='figures/combi_therapy_2.png' alt='' /></div>
<br />
And so on.</p>
<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="interpretation-of-s-i-and-r"><a class="anchor" href="#interpretation-of-s-i-and-r"></a>Interpretation of S, I and R</h2>
<p>In 2019, EUCAST has decided to change the definitions of susceptibility testing categories S, I and R as shown below. Results of several consultations on the new definitions are available on the EUCAST website under "Consultations".</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>S</strong> - Susceptible, standard dosing regimen: A microorganism is categorised as "Susceptible, standard dosing regimen", when there is a high likelihood of therapeutic success using a standard dosing regimen of the agent.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>I</strong> - Susceptible, increased exposure: A microorganism is categorised as "Susceptible, Increased exposure" when there is a high likelihood of therapeutic success because exposure to the agent is increased by adjusting the dosing regimen or by its concentration at the site of infection.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>R</strong> - Resistant: A microorganism is categorised as "Resistant" when there is a high likelihood of therapeutic failure even when there is increased exposure.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Exposure is a function of how the mode of administration, dose, dosing interval, infusion time, as well as distribution and excretion of the antimicrobial agent will influence the infecting organism at the site of infection.</p>
<p>Source: <a href='http://www.eucast.org/newsiandr/'>http://www.eucast.org/newsiandr/</a>.</p>
<p><strong>This AMR package honours this new insight.</strong></p>
<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="read-more-on-our-website-"><a class="anchor" href="#read-more-on-our-website-"></a>Read more on our website!</h2>
<p>On our website <a href='https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR'>https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR</a> you can find <a href='https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR/articles/AMR.html'>a comprehensive tutorial</a> about how to conduct AMR analysis, the <a href='https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR/reference'>complete documentation of all functions</a> (which reads a lot easier than here in R) and <a href='https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR/articles/WHONET.html'>an example analysis using WHONET data</a>.</p>
<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="see-also"><a class="anchor" href="#see-also"></a>See also</h2>
<div class='dont-index'><p><code><a href='count.html'>count</a>_*</code> to count resistant and susceptible isolates.</p></div>
<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="examples"><a class="anchor" href="#examples"></a>Examples</h2>
<pre class="examples"><span class='co'># NOT RUN {</span>
<span class='co'># septic_patients is a data set available in the AMR package. It is true, genuine data.</span>
?<span class='no'>septic_patients</span>
<span class='co'># Calculate resistance</span>
<span class='fu'>portion_R</span>(<span class='no'>septic_patients</span>$<span class='no'>AMX</span>)
<span class='fu'>portion_IR</span>(<span class='no'>septic_patients</span>$<span class='no'>AMX</span>)
<span class='co'># Or susceptibility</span>
<span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>septic_patients</span>$<span class='no'>AMX</span>)
<span class='fu'>portion_SI</span>(<span class='no'>septic_patients</span>$<span class='no'>AMX</span>)
<span class='co'># Do the above with pipes:</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/topics/library'>library</a></span>(<span class='no'>dplyr</span>)
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span> <span class='fu'>portion_R</span>(<span class='no'>AMX</span>)
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span> <span class='fu'>portion_IR</span>(<span class='no'>AMX</span>)
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span> <span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>AMX</span>)
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span> <span class='fu'>portion_SI</span>(<span class='no'>AMX</span>)
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html'>group_by</a></span>(<span class='no'>hospital_id</span>) <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html'>summarise</a></span>(<span class='kw'>p</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>),
<span class='kw'>n</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>n_rsi</a></span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>)) <span class='co'># n_rsi works like n_distinct in dplyr</span>
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html'>group_by</a></span>(<span class='no'>hospital_id</span>) <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html'>summarise</a></span>(<span class='kw'>R</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'>portion_R</span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>),
<span class='kw'>I</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'>portion_I</span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>),
<span class='kw'>S</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>),
<span class='kw'>n1</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>count_all</a></span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>), <span class='co'># the actual total; sum of all three</span>
<span class='kw'>n2</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>n_rsi</a></span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>), <span class='co'># same - analogous to n_distinct</span>
<span class='kw'>total</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/n.html'>n</a></span>()) <span class='co'># NOT the number of tested isolates!</span>
<span class='co'># Calculate co-resistance between amoxicillin/clav acid and gentamicin,</span>
<span class='co'># so we can see that combination therapy does a lot more than mono therapy:</span>
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span> <span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>AMC</span>) <span class='co'># S = 71.4%</span>
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>count_all</a></span>(<span class='no'>AMC</span>) <span class='co'># n = 1879</span>
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span> <span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>GEN</span>) <span class='co'># S = 74.0%</span>
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>count_all</a></span>(<span class='no'>GEN</span>) <span class='co'># n = 1855</span>
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span> <span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>AMC</span>, <span class='no'>GEN</span>) <span class='co'># S = 92.3%</span>
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>count_all</a></span>(<span class='no'>AMC</span>, <span class='no'>GEN</span>) <span class='co'># n = 1798</span>
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html'>group_by</a></span>(<span class='no'>hospital_id</span>) <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html'>summarise</a></span>(<span class='kw'>cipro_p</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>),
<span class='kw'>cipro_n</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>count_all</a></span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>),
<span class='kw'>genta_p</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>GEN</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>),
<span class='kw'>genta_n</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>count_all</a></span>(<span class='no'>GEN</span>),
<span class='kw'>combination_p</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>, <span class='no'>GEN</span>, <span class='kw'>as_percent</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>),
<span class='kw'>combination_n</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>count_all</a></span>(<span class='no'>CIP</span>, <span class='no'>GEN</span>))
<span class='co'># Get portions S/I/R immediately of all rsi columns</span>
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html'>select</a></span>(<span class='no'>AMX</span>, <span class='no'>CIP</span>) <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'>portion_df</span>(<span class='kw'>translate</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>)
<span class='co'># It also supports grouping variables</span>
<span class='no'>septic_patients</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html'>select</a></span>(<span class='no'>hospital_id</span>, <span class='no'>AMX</span>, <span class='no'>CIP</span>) <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html'>group_by</a></span>(<span class='no'>hospital_id</span>) <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'>portion_df</span>(<span class='kw'>translate</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>)
<span class='co'># }</span><span class='co'># NOT RUN {</span>
<span class='co'># calculate current empiric combination therapy of Helicobacter gastritis:</span>
<span class='no'>my_table</span> <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html'>filter</a></span>(<span class='no'>first_isolate</span> <span class='kw'>==</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>,
<span class='no'>genus</span> <span class='kw'>==</span> <span class='st'>"Helicobacter"</span>) <span class='kw'>%&gt;%</span>
<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html'>summarise</a></span>(<span class='kw'>p</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'>portion_S</span>(<span class='no'>AMX</span>, <span class='no'>MTR</span>), <span class='co'># amoxicillin with metronidazole</span>
<span class='kw'>n</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>count_all</a></span>(<span class='no'>AMX</span>, <span class='no'>MTR</span>))
<span class='co'># }</span></pre>
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