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In short, if you have a column name that resembles an antimicrobial drug, it will be picked up by any of these functions that matches its pharmaceutical class: "cefazolin", "kefzol", "CZO" and "J01DB04" will all be picked up by cephalosporins().'><title>Antibiotic Selectors — antibiotic_class_selectors • AMR (for R)</title><!-- favicons --><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="120x120" href="../apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="76x76" href="../apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="60x60" href="../apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"><script src="../deps/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"><link href="../deps/bootstrap-5.3.1/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"><script src="../deps/bootstrap-5.3.1/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script><link href="../deps/Lato-0.4.9/font.css" rel="stylesheet"><link href="../deps/Fira_Code-0.4.9/font.css" rel="stylesheet"><!-- Font Awesome icons --><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.12.1/css/all.min.css" integrity="sha256-mmgLkCYLUQbXn0B1SRqzHar6dCnv9oZFPEC1g1cwlkk=" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.12.1/css/v4-shims.min.css" integrity="sha256-wZjR52fzng1pJHwx4aV2AO3yyTOXrcDW7jBpJtTwVxw=" crossorigin="anonymous"><!-- bootstrap-toc --><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/afeld/bootstrap-toc@v1.0.1/dist/bootstrap-toc.min.js" integrity="sha256-4veVQbu7//Lk5TSmc7YV48MxtMy98e26cf5MrgZYnwo=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- headroom.js --><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/headroom/0.11.0/headroom.min.js" integrity="sha256-AsUX4SJE1+yuDu5+mAVzJbuYNPHj/WroHuZ8Ir/CkE0=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/headroom/0.11.0/jQuery.headroom.min.js" integrity="sha256-ZX/yNShbjqsohH1k95liqY9Gd8uOiE1S4vZc+9KQ1K4=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- clipboard.js --><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/clipboard.js/2.0.11/clipboard.min.js" integrity="sha512-7O5pXpc0oCRrxk8RUfDYFgn0nO1t+jLuIOQdOMRp4APB7uZ4vSjspzp5y6YDtDs4VzUSTbWzBFZ/LKJhnyFOKw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script><!-- search --><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/fuse.js/6.4.6/fuse.js" integrity="sha512-zv6Ywkjyktsohkbp9bb45V6tEMoWhzFzXis+LrMehmJZZSys19Yxf1dopHx7WzIKxr5tK2dVcYmaCk2uqdjF4A==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/autocomplete.js/0.38.0/autocomplete.jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-GU9ayf+66Xx2TmpxqJpliWbT5PiGYxpaG8rfnBEk1LL8l1KGkRShhngwdXK1UgqhAzWpZHSiYPc09/NwDQIGyg==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mark.js/8.11.1/mark.min.js" integrity="sha512-5CYOlHXGh6QpOFA/TeTylKLWfB3ftPsde7AnmhuitiTX4K5SqCLBeKro6sPS8ilsz1Q4NRx3v8Ko2IBiszzdww==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- pkgdown --><script src="../pkgdown.js"></script><link href="../extra.css" rel="stylesheet"><script src="../extra.js"></script><meta property="og:title" content="Antibiotic Selectors — antibiotic_class_selectors"><meta property="og:description" content='These functions allow for filtering rows and selecting columns based on antibiotic test results that are of a specific antibiotic class or group (according to the antibiotics data set), without the need to define the columns or antibiotic abbreviations.
In short, if you have a column name that resembles an antimicrobial drug, it will be picked up by any of these functions that matches its pharmaceutical class: "cefazolin", "kefzol", "CZO" and "J01DB04" will all be picked up by cephalosporins().'><meta property="og:image" content="https://msberends.github.io/AMR/logo.svg"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@msberends"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@msberends"><!-- mathjax --><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" integrity="sha256-nvJJv9wWKEm88qvoQl9ekL2J+k/RWIsaSScxxlsrv8k=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML.js" integrity="sha256-84DKXVJXs0/F8OTMzX4UR909+jtl4G7SPypPavF+GfA=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!--[if lt IE 9]>
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<img src="../logo.svg" class="logo" alt=""><h1>Antibiotic Selectors</h1>
<small class="dont-index">Source: <a href="https://github.com/msberends/AMR/blob/HEAD/R/ab_selectors.R" class="external-link"><code>R/ab_selectors.R</code></a></small>
<div class="d-none name"><code>antibiotic_class_selectors.Rd</code></div>
</div>
<div class="ref-description section level2">
<p>These functions allow for filtering rows and selecting columns based on antibiotic test results that are of a specific antibiotic class or group (according to the <a href="antibiotics.html">antibiotics</a> data set), without the need to define the columns or antibiotic abbreviations.</p>
<p>In short, if you have a column name that resembles an antimicrobial drug, it will be picked up by any of these functions that matches its pharmaceutical class: "cefazolin", "kefzol", "CZO" and "J01DB04" will all be picked up by <code>cephalosporins()</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="ref-usage">Usage<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ref-usage"></a></h2>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code><span><span class="fu">ab_class</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">ab_class</span>, only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, only_treatable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">ab_selector</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">filter</span>, only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, only_treatable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">aminoglycosides</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, only_treatable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">aminopenicillins</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">antifungals</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">antimycobacterials</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">betalactams</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, only_treatable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">carbapenems</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, only_treatable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">cephalosporins</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">cephalosporins_1st</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">cephalosporins_2nd</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">cephalosporins_3rd</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">cephalosporins_4th</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">cephalosporins_5th</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">fluoroquinolones</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">glycopeptides</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">lincosamides</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, only_treatable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">lipoglycopeptides</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">macrolides</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">nitrofurans</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">oxazolidinones</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">penicillins</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">polymyxins</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, only_treatable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">quinolones</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">rifamycins</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">streptogramins</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">tetracyclines</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">trimethoprims</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">ureidopenicillins</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">administrable_per_os</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">administrable_iv</span><span class="op">(</span>only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">not_intrinsic_resistant</span><span class="op">(</span></span>
<span> only_sir_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>,</span>
<span> col_mo <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">NULL</span>,</span>
<span> version_expertrules <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">3.3</span>,</span>
<span> <span class="va">...</span></span>
<span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="arguments">Arguments<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#arguments"></a></h2>
<dl><dt>ab_class</dt>
<dd><p>an antimicrobial class or a part of it, such as <code>"carba"</code> and <code>"carbapenems"</code>. The columns <code>group</code>, <code>atc_group1</code> and <code>atc_group2</code> of the <a href="antibiotics.html">antibiotics</a> data set will be searched (case-insensitive) for this value.</p></dd>
<dt>only_sir_columns</dt>
<dd><p>a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/logical.html" class="external-link">logical</a> to indicate whether only columns of class <code>sir</code> must be selected (default is <code>FALSE</code>), see <code><a href="as.sir.html">as.sir()</a></code></p></dd>
<dt>only_treatable</dt>
<dd><p>a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/logical.html" class="external-link">logical</a> to indicate whether antimicrobial drugs should be excluded that are only for laboratory tests (default is <code>TRUE</code>), such as gentamicin-high (<code>GEH</code>) and imipenem/EDTA (<code>IPE</code>)</p></dd>
<dt>...</dt>
<dd><p>ignored, only in place to allow future extensions</p></dd>
<dt>filter</dt>
<dd><p>an <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/expression.html" class="external-link">expression</a> to be evaluated in the <a href="antibiotics.html">antibiotics</a> data set, such as <code>name %like% "trim"</code></p></dd>
<dt>col_mo</dt>
<dd><p>column name of the names or codes of the microorganisms (see <code><a href="as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code>) - the default is the first column of class <code><a href="as.mo.html">mo</a></code>. Values will be coerced using <code><a href="as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code>.</p></dd>
<dt>version_expertrules</dt>
<dd><p>the version number to use for the EUCAST Expert Rules and Intrinsic Resistance guideline. Can be "3.3", "3.2", or "3.1".</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="value">Value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#value"></a></h2>
<p>(internally) a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/character.html" class="external-link">character</a> vector of column names, with additional class <code>"ab_selector"</code></p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="details">Details<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#details"></a></h2>
<p>These functions can be used in data set calls for selecting columns and filtering rows. They work with base <span style="R">R</span>, the Tidyverse, and <code>data.table</code>. They are heavily inspired by the <a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/language.html" class="external-link">Tidyverse selection helpers</a> such as <code><a href="https://tidyselect.r-lib.org/reference/everything.html" class="external-link">everything()</a></code>, but are not limited to <code>dplyr</code> verbs. Nonetheless, they are very convenient to use with <code>dplyr</code> functions such as <code><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/select.html" class="external-link">select()</a></code>, <code><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html" class="external-link">filter()</a></code> and <code><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html" class="external-link">summarise()</a></code>, see <em>Examples</em>.</p>
<p>All columns in the data in which these functions are called will be searched for known antibiotic names, abbreviations, brand names, and codes (ATC, EARS-Net, WHO, etc.) according to the <a href="antibiotics.html">antibiotics</a> data set. This means that a selector such as <code>aminoglycosides()</code> will pick up column names like 'gen', 'genta', 'J01GB03', 'tobra', 'Tobracin', etc.</p>
<p>The <code>ab_class()</code> function can be used to filter/select on a manually defined antibiotic class. It searches for results in the <a href="antibiotics.html">antibiotics</a> data set within the columns <code>group</code>, <code>atc_group1</code> and <code>atc_group2</code>.</p>
<p>The <code>ab_selector()</code> function can be used to internally filter the <a href="antibiotics.html">antibiotics</a> data set on any results, see <em>Examples</em>. It allows for filtering on a (part of) a certain name, and/or a group name or even a minimum of DDDs for oral treatment. This function yields the highest flexibility, but is also the least user-friendly, since it requires a hard-coded filter to set.</p>
<p>The <code>administrable_per_os()</code> and <code>administrable_iv()</code> functions also rely on the <a href="antibiotics.html">antibiotics</a> data set - antibiotic columns will be matched where a DDD (defined daily dose) for resp. oral and IV treatment is available in the <a href="antibiotics.html">antibiotics</a> data set.</p>
<p>The <code>not_intrinsic_resistant()</code> function can be used to only select antibiotic columns that pose no intrinsic resistance for the microorganisms in the data set. For example, if a data set contains only microorganism codes or names of <em>E. coli</em> and <em>K. pneumoniae</em> and contains a column "vancomycin", this column will be removed (or rather, unselected) using this function. It currently applies <a href="https://www.eucast.org/expert_rules_and_expected_phenotypes" class="external-link">'EUCAST Expert Rules' and 'EUCAST Intrinsic Resistance and Unusual Phenotypes' v3.3</a> (2021) to determine intrinsic resistance, using the <code><a href="eucast_rules.html">eucast_rules()</a></code> function internally. Because of this determination, this function is quite slow in terms of performance.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="full-list-of-supported-antibiotic-classes">Full list of supported (antibiotic) classes<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#full-list-of-supported-antibiotic-classes"></a></h2>
<ul><li><p><code>aminoglycosides()</code> can select: <br> amikacin (AMK), amikacin/fosfomycin (AKF), apramycin (APR), arbekacin (ARB), astromicin (AST), bekanamycin (BEK), dibekacin (DKB), framycetin (FRM), gentamicin (GEN), gentamicin-high (GEH), habekacin (HAB), hygromycin (HYG), isepamicin (ISE), kanamycin (KAN), kanamycin-high (KAH), kanamycin/cephalexin (KAC), micronomicin (MCR), neomycin (NEO), netilmicin (NET), pentisomicin (PIM), plazomicin (PLZ), propikacin (PKA), ribostamycin (RST), sisomicin (SIS), streptoduocin (STR), streptomycin (STR1), streptomycin-high (STH), tobramycin (TOB), and tobramycin-high (TOH)</p></li>
<li><p><code>aminopenicillins()</code> can select: <br> amoxicillin (AMX) and ampicillin (AMP)</p></li>
<li><p><code>antifungals()</code> can select: <br> amorolfine (AMO), amphotericin B (AMB), amphotericin B-high (AMH), anidulafungin (ANI), butoconazole (BUT), caspofungin (CAS), ciclopirox (CIX), clotrimazole (CTR), econazole (ECO), fluconazole (FLU), flucytosine (FCT), fosfluconazole (FFL), griseofulvin (GRI), hachimycin (HCH), ibrexafungerp (IBX), isavuconazole (ISV), isoconazole (ISO), itraconazole (ITR), ketoconazole (KET), manogepix (MGX), micafungin (MIF), miconazole (MCZ), nystatin (NYS), oteseconazole (OTE), pimaricin (PMR), posaconazole (POS), rezafungin (RZF), ribociclib (RBC), sulconazole (SUC), terbinafine (TRB), terconazole (TRC), and voriconazole (VOR)</p></li>
<li><p><code>antimycobacterials()</code> can select: <br> 4-aminosalicylic acid (AMA), calcium aminosalicylate (CLA), capreomycin (CAP), clofazimine (CLF), delamanid (DLM), enviomycin (ENV), ethambutol (ETH), ethambutol/isoniazid (ETI), ethionamide (ETI1), isoniazid (INH), isoniazid/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim/pyridoxine (IST), morinamide (MRN), p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), pretomanid (PMD), protionamide (PTH), pyrazinamide (PZA), rifabutin (RIB), rifampicin (RIF), rifampicin/ethambutol/isoniazid (REI), rifampicin/isoniazid (RFI), rifampicin/pyrazinamide/ethambutol/isoniazid (RPEI), rifampicin/pyrazinamide/isoniazid (RPI), rifamycin (RFM), rifapentine (RFP), simvastatin/fenofibrate (SMF), sodium aminosalicylate (SDA), streptomycin/isoniazid (STI), terizidone (TRZ), thioacetazone (TAT), thioacetazone/isoniazid (THI1), tiocarlide (TCR), and viomycin (VIO)</p></li>
<li><p><code>betalactams()</code> can select: <br> amoxicillin (AMX), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC), amoxicillin/sulbactam (AXS), ampicillin (AMP), ampicillin/sulbactam (SAM), apalcillin (APL), aspoxicillin (APX), avibactam (AVB), azidocillin (AZD), azlocillin (AZL), aztreonam (ATM), aztreonam/avibactam (AZA), aztreonam/nacubactam (ANC), bacampicillin (BAM), benzathine benzylpenicillin (BNB), benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin (BNP), benzylpenicillin (PEN), biapenem (BIA), carbenicillin (CRB), carindacillin (CRN), cefacetrile (CAC), cefaclor (CEC), cefadroxil (CFR), cefalexin (LEX), cefaloridine (RID), cefalotin (CEP), cefamandole (MAN), cefapirin (HAP), cefatrizine (CTZ), cefazedone (CZD), cefazolin (CZO), cefcapene (CCP), cefcapene pivoxil (CCX), cefdinir (CDR), cefditoren (DIT), cefditoren pivoxil (DIX), cefepime (FEP), cefepime/clavulanic acid (CPC), cefepime/nacubactam (FNC), cefepime/tazobactam (FPT), cefetamet (CAT), cefetamet pivoxil (CPI), cefetecol (CCL), cefetrizole (CZL), cefixime (CFM), cefmenoxime (CMX), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefodizime (DIZ), cefonicid (CID), cefoperazone (CFP), cefoperazone/sulbactam (CSL), ceforanide (CND), cefoselis (CSE), cefotaxime (CTX), cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (CTC), cefotaxime/sulbactam (CTS), cefotetan (CTT), cefotiam (CTF), cefotiam hexetil (CHE), cefovecin (FOV), cefoxitin (FOX), cefoxitin screening (FOX1), cefozopran (ZOP), cefpimizole (CFZ), cefpiramide (CPM), cefpirome (CPO), cefpodoxime (CPD), cefpodoxime proxetil (CPX), cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid (CDC), cefprozil (CPR), cefquinome (CEQ), cefroxadine (CRD), cefsulodin (CFS), cefsumide (CSU), ceftaroline (CPT), ceftaroline/avibactam (CPA), ceftazidime (CAZ), ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA), ceftazidime/clavulanic acid (CCV), cefteram (CEM), cefteram pivoxil (CPL), ceftezole (CTL), ceftibuten (CTB), ceftiofur (TIO), ceftizoxime (CZX), ceftizoxime alapivoxil (CZP), ceftobiprole (BPR), ceftobiprole medocaril (CFM1), ceftolozane/tazobactam (CZT), ceftriaxone (CRO), ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor (CEB), cefuroxime (CXM), cefuroxime axetil (CXA), cephradine (CED), ciclacillin (CIC), clometocillin (CLM), cloxacillin (CLO), dicloxacillin (DIC), doripenem (DOR), epicillin (EPC), ertapenem (ETP), flucloxacillin (FLC), hetacillin (HET), imipenem (IPM), imipenem/EDTA (IPE), imipenem/relebactam (IMR), latamoxef (LTM), lenampicillin (LEN), loracarbef (LOR), mecillinam (MEC), meropenem (MEM), meropenem/nacubactam (MNC), meropenem/vaborbactam (MEV), metampicillin (MTM), meticillin (MET), mezlocillin (MEZ), mezlocillin/sulbactam (MSU), nacubactam (NAC), nafcillin (NAF), oxacillin (OXA), panipenem (PAN), penamecillin (PNM), penicillin/novobiocin (PNO), penicillin/sulbactam (PSU), pheneticillin (PHE), phenoxymethylpenicillin (PHN), piperacillin (PIP), piperacillin/sulbactam (PIS), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP), piridicillin (PRC), pivampicillin (PVM), pivmecillinam (PME), procaine benzylpenicillin (PRB), propicillin (PRP), razupenem (RZM), ritipenem (RIT), ritipenem acoxil (RIA), sarmoxicillin (SRX), sulbactam (SUL), sulbenicillin (SBC), sultamicillin (SLT6), talampicillin (TAL), tazobactam (TAZ), tebipenem (TBP), temocillin (TEM), ticarcillin (TIC), and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (TCC)</p></li>
<li><p><code>carbapenems()</code> can select: <br> biapenem (BIA), doripenem (DOR), ertapenem (ETP), imipenem (IPM), imipenem/EDTA (IPE), imipenem/relebactam (IMR), meropenem (MEM), meropenem/nacubactam (MNC), meropenem/vaborbactam (MEV), panipenem (PAN), razupenem (RZM), ritipenem (RIT), ritipenem acoxil (RIA), and tebipenem (TBP)</p></li>
<li><p><code>cephalosporins()</code> can select: <br> cefacetrile (CAC), cefaclor (CEC), cefadroxil (CFR), cefalexin (LEX), cefaloridine (RID), cefalotin (CEP), cefamandole (MAN), cefapirin (HAP), cefatrizine (CTZ), cefazedone (CZD), cefazolin (CZO), cefcapene (CCP), cefcapene pivoxil (CCX), cefdinir (CDR), cefditoren (DIT), cefditoren pivoxil (DIX), cefepime (FEP), cefepime/clavulanic acid (CPC), cefepime/tazobactam (FPT), cefetamet (CAT), cefetamet pivoxil (CPI), cefetecol (CCL), cefetrizole (CZL), cefixime (CFM), cefmenoxime (CMX), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefodizime (DIZ), cefonicid (CID), cefoperazone (CFP), cefoperazone/sulbactam (CSL), ceforanide (CND), cefoselis (CSE), cefotaxime (CTX), cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (CTC), cefotaxime/sulbactam (CTS), cefotetan (CTT), cefotiam (CTF), cefotiam hexetil (CHE), cefovecin (FOV), cefoxitin (FOX), cefoxitin screening (FOX1), cefozopran (ZOP), cefpimizole (CFZ), cefpiramide (CPM), cefpirome (CPO), cefpodoxime (CPD), cefpodoxime proxetil (CPX), cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid (CDC), cefprozil (CPR), cefquinome (CEQ), cefroxadine (CRD), cefsulodin (CFS), cefsumide (CSU), ceftaroline (CPT), ceftaroline/avibactam (CPA), ceftazidime (CAZ), ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA), ceftazidime/clavulanic acid (CCV), cefteram (CEM), cefteram pivoxil (CPL), ceftezole (CTL), ceftibuten (CTB), ceftiofur (TIO), ceftizoxime (CZX), ceftizoxime alapivoxil (CZP), ceftobiprole (BPR), ceftobiprole medocaril (CFM1), ceftolozane/tazobactam (CZT), ceftriaxone (CRO), ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor (CEB), cefuroxime (CXM), cefuroxime axetil (CXA), cephradine (CED), latamoxef (LTM), and loracarbef (LOR)</p></li>
<li><p><code>cephalosporins_1st()</code> can select: <br> cefacetrile (CAC), cefadroxil (CFR), cefalexin (LEX), cefaloridine (RID), cefalotin (CEP), cefapirin (HAP), cefatrizine (CTZ), cefazedone (CZD), cefazolin (CZO), cefroxadine (CRD), ceftezole (CTL), and cephradine (CED)</p></li>
<li><p><code>cephalosporins_2nd()</code> can select: <br> cefaclor (CEC), cefamandole (MAN), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefonicid (CID), ceforanide (CND), cefotetan (CTT), cefotiam (CTF), cefoxitin (FOX), cefoxitin screening (FOX1), cefprozil (CPR), cefuroxime (CXM), cefuroxime axetil (CXA), and loracarbef (LOR)</p></li>
<li><p><code>cephalosporins_3rd()</code> can select: <br> cefcapene (CCP), cefcapene pivoxil (CCX), cefdinir (CDR), cefditoren (DIT), cefditoren pivoxil (DIX), cefetamet (CAT), cefetamet pivoxil (CPI), cefixime (CFM), cefmenoxime (CMX), cefodizime (DIZ), cefoperazone (CFP), cefoperazone/sulbactam (CSL), cefotaxime (CTX), cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (CTC), cefotaxime/sulbactam (CTS), cefotiam hexetil (CHE), cefovecin (FOV), cefpimizole (CFZ), cefpiramide (CPM), cefpodoxime (CPD), cefpodoxime proxetil (CPX), cefpodoxime/clavulanic acid (CDC), cefsulodin (CFS), ceftazidime (CAZ), ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA), ceftazidime/clavulanic acid (CCV), cefteram (CEM), cefteram pivoxil (CPL), ceftibuten (CTB), ceftiofur (TIO), ceftizoxime (CZX), ceftizoxime alapivoxil (CZP), ceftriaxone (CRO), ceftriaxone/beta-lactamase inhibitor (CEB), and latamoxef (LTM)</p></li>
<li><p><code>cephalosporins_4th()</code> can select: <br> cefepime (FEP), cefepime/clavulanic acid (CPC), cefepime/tazobactam (FPT), cefetecol (CCL), cefoselis (CSE), cefozopran (ZOP), cefpirome (CPO), and cefquinome (CEQ)</p></li>
<li><p><code>cephalosporins_5th()</code> can select: <br> ceftaroline (CPT), ceftaroline/avibactam (CPA), ceftobiprole (BPR), ceftobiprole medocaril (CFM1), and ceftolozane/tazobactam (CZT)</p></li>
<li><p><code>fluoroquinolones()</code> can select: <br> besifloxacin (BES), ciprofloxacin (CIP), clinafloxacin (CLX), danofloxacin (DAN), delafloxacin (DFX), difloxacin (DIF), enoxacin (ENX), enrofloxacin (ENR), finafloxacin (FIN), fleroxacin (FLE), garenoxacin (GRN), gatifloxacin (GAT), gemifloxacin (GEM), grepafloxacin (GRX), lascufloxacin (LSC), levofloxacin (LVX), levonadifloxacin (LND), lomefloxacin (LOM), marbofloxacin (MAR), metioxate (MXT), miloxacin (MIL), moxifloxacin (MFX), nadifloxacin (NAD), nifuroquine (NIF), norfloxacin (NOR), ofloxacin (OFX), orbifloxacin (ORB), pazufloxacin (PAZ), pefloxacin (PEF), pradofloxacin (PRA), premafloxacin (PRX), prulifloxacin (PRU), rufloxacin (RFL), sarafloxacin (SAR), sitafloxacin (SIT), sparfloxacin (SPX), temafloxacin (TMX), tilbroquinol (TBQ), tioxacin (TXC), tosufloxacin (TFX), and trovafloxacin (TVA)</p></li>
<li><p><code>glycopeptides()</code> can select: <br> avoparcin (AVO), dalbavancin (DAL), norvancomycin (NVA), oritavancin (ORI), ramoplanin (RAM), teicoplanin (TEC), teicoplanin-macromethod (TCM), telavancin (TLV), vancomycin (VAN), and vancomycin-macromethod (VAM)</p></li>
<li><p><code>lincosamides()</code> can select: <br> acetylmidecamycin (ACM), acetylspiramycin (ASP), clindamycin (CLI), clindamycin inducible screening (CLI1), gamithromycin (GAM), kitasamycin (KIT), lincomycin (LIN), meleumycin (MEL), nafithromycin (ZWK), pirlimycin (PRL), primycin (PRM), solithromycin (SOL), tildipirosin (TIP), tilmicosin (TIL), tulathromycin (TUL), tylosin (TYL), and tylvalosin (TYL1)</p></li>
<li><p><code>lipoglycopeptides()</code> can select: <br> dalbavancin (DAL), oritavancin (ORI), and telavancin (TLV)</p></li>
<li><p><code>macrolides()</code> can select: <br> acetylmidecamycin (ACM), acetylspiramycin (ASP), azithromycin (AZM), clarithromycin (CLR), dirithromycin (DIR), erythromycin (ERY), flurithromycin (FLR1), gamithromycin (GAM), josamycin (JOS), kitasamycin (KIT), meleumycin (MEL), midecamycin (MID), miocamycin (MCM), nafithromycin (ZWK), oleandomycin (OLE), pirlimycin (PRL), primycin (PRM), rokitamycin (ROK), roxithromycin (RXT), solithromycin (SOL), spiramycin (SPI), telithromycin (TLT), tildipirosin (TIP), tilmicosin (TIL), troleandomycin (TRL), tulathromycin (TUL), tylosin (TYL), and tylvalosin (TYL1)</p></li>
<li><p><code>nitrofurans()</code> can select: <br> furazidin (FUR), furazolidone (FRZ), nifurtoinol (NFR), nitrofurantoin (NIT), and nitrofurazone (NIZ)</p></li>
<li><p><code>oxazolidinones()</code> can select: <br> cadazolid (CDZ), cycloserine (CYC), linezolid (LNZ), tedizolid (TZD), and thiacetazone (THA)</p></li>
<li><p><code>penicillins()</code> can select: <br> amoxicillin (AMX), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC), amoxicillin/sulbactam (AXS), ampicillin (AMP), ampicillin/sulbactam (SAM), apalcillin (APL), aspoxicillin (APX), avibactam (AVB), azidocillin (AZD), azlocillin (AZL), aztreonam (ATM), aztreonam/avibactam (AZA), aztreonam/nacubactam (ANC), bacampicillin (BAM), benzathine benzylpenicillin (BNB), benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin (BNP), benzylpenicillin (PEN), carbenicillin (CRB), carindacillin (CRN), cefepime/nacubactam (FNC), ciclacillin (CIC), clometocillin (CLM), cloxacillin (CLO), dicloxacillin (DIC), epicillin (EPC), flucloxacillin (FLC), hetacillin (HET), lenampicillin (LEN), mecillinam (MEC), metampicillin (MTM), meticillin (MET), mezlocillin (MEZ), mezlocillin/sulbactam (MSU), nacubactam (NAC), nafcillin (NAF), oxacillin (OXA), penamecillin (PNM), penicillin/novobiocin (PNO), penicillin/sulbactam (PSU), pheneticillin (PHE), phenoxymethylpenicillin (PHN), piperacillin (PIP), piperacillin/sulbactam (PIS), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP), piridicillin (PRC), pivampicillin (PVM), pivmecillinam (PME), procaine benzylpenicillin (PRB), propicillin (PRP), sarmoxicillin (SRX), sulbactam (SUL), sulbenicillin (SBC), sultamicillin (SLT6), talampicillin (TAL), tazobactam (TAZ), temocillin (TEM), ticarcillin (TIC), and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (TCC)</p></li>
<li><p><code>polymyxins()</code> can select: <br> colistin (COL), polymyxin B (PLB), and polymyxin B/polysorbate 80 (POP)</p></li>
<li><p><code>quinolones()</code> can select: <br> besifloxacin (BES), cinoxacin (CIN), ciprofloxacin (CIP), ciprofloxacin/metronidazole (CIM), ciprofloxacin/ornidazole (CIO), ciprofloxacin/tinidazole (CIT), clinafloxacin (CLX), danofloxacin (DAN), delafloxacin (DFX), difloxacin (DIF), enoxacin (ENX), enrofloxacin (ENR), finafloxacin (FIN), fleroxacin (FLE), flumequine (FLM), garenoxacin (GRN), gatifloxacin (GAT), gemifloxacin (GEM), grepafloxacin (GRX), lascufloxacin (LSC), levofloxacin (LVX), levonadifloxacin (LND), lomefloxacin (LOM), marbofloxacin (MAR), metioxate (MXT), miloxacin (MIL), moxifloxacin (MFX), nadifloxacin (NAD), nalidixic acid (NAL), nemonoxacin (NEM), nifuroquine (NIF), nitroxoline (NTR), norfloxacin (NOR), ofloxacin (OFX), orbifloxacin (ORB), oxolinic acid (OXO), pazufloxacin (PAZ), pefloxacin (PEF), pipemidic acid (PPA), piromidic acid (PIR), pradofloxacin (PRA), premafloxacin (PRX), prulifloxacin (PRU), rosoxacin (ROS), rufloxacin (RFL), sarafloxacin (SAR), sitafloxacin (SIT), sparfloxacin (SPX), temafloxacin (TMX), tilbroquinol (TBQ), tioxacin (TXC), tosufloxacin (TFX), and trovafloxacin (TVA)</p></li>
<li><p><code>rifamycins()</code> can select: <br> rifabutin (RIB), rifampicin (RIF), rifampicin/ethambutol/isoniazid (REI), rifampicin/isoniazid (RFI), rifampicin/pyrazinamide/ethambutol/isoniazid (RPEI), rifampicin/pyrazinamide/isoniazid (RPI), rifamycin (RFM), and rifapentine (RFP)</p></li>
<li><p><code>streptogramins()</code> can select: <br> pristinamycin (PRI) and quinupristin/dalfopristin (QDA)</p></li>
<li><p><code>tetracyclines()</code> can select: <br> cetocycline (CTO), chlortetracycline (CTE), clomocycline (CLM1), demeclocycline (DEM), doxycycline (DOX), eravacycline (ERV), lymecycline (LYM), metacycline (MTC), minocycline (MNO), omadacycline (OMC), oxytetracycline (OXY), penimepicycline (PNM1), rolitetracycline (RLT), sarecycline (SRC), tetracycline (TCY), and tigecycline (TGC)</p></li>
<li><p><code>trimethoprims()</code> can select: <br> brodimoprim (BDP), sulfadiazine (SDI), sulfadiazine/tetroxoprim (SLT), sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (SLT1), sulfadimethoxine (SUD), sulfadimidine (SDM), sulfadimidine/trimethoprim (SLT2), sulfafurazole (SLF), sulfaisodimidine (SLF1), sulfalene (SLF2), sulfamazone (SZO), sulfamerazine (SLF3), sulfamerazine/trimethoprim (SLT3), sulfamethizole (SLF4), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamethoxypyridazine (SLF5), sulfametomidine (SLF6), sulfametoxydiazine (SLF7), sulfametrole/trimethoprim (SLT4), sulfamoxole (SLF8), sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (SLT5), sulfanilamide (SLF9), sulfaperin (SLF10), sulfaphenazole (SLF11), sulfapyridine (SLF12), sulfathiazole (SUT), sulfathiourea (SLF13), trimethoprim (TMP), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT)</p></li>
<li><p><code>ureidopenicillins()</code> can select: <br> azlocillin (AZL), mezlocillin (MEZ), piperacillin (PIP), and piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP)</p></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="reference-data-publicly-available">Reference Data Publicly Available<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reference-data-publicly-available"></a></h2>
<p>All data sets in this <code>AMR</code> package (about microorganisms, antibiotics, SIR interpretation, EUCAST rules, etc.) are publicly and freely available for download in the following formats: R, MS Excel, Apache Feather, Apache Parquet, SPSS, SAS, and Stata. We also provide tab-separated plain text files that are machine-readable and suitable for input in any software program, such as laboratory information systems. Please visit <a href="https://msberends.github.io/AMR/articles/datasets.html">our website for the download links</a>. The actual files are of course available on <a href="https://github.com/msberends/AMR/tree/main/data-raw" class="external-link">our GitHub repository</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="ref-examples">Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ref-examples"></a></h2>
</div>
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