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<h1>Determine first (weighted) isolates</h1>
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<div class="hidden name"><code>first_isolate.Rd</code></div>
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<div class="ref-description">
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<p>Determine first (weighted) isolates of all microorganisms of every patient per episode and (if needed) per specimen type.</p>
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</div>
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<pre class="usage"><span class='fu'>first_isolate</span>(
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<span class='no'>x</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_date</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_patient_id</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_mo</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_testcode</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_specimen</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_icu</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_keyantibiotics</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>episode_days</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>365</span>,
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<span class='kw'>testcodes_exclude</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>icu_exclude</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>,
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<span class='kw'>specimen_group</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>type</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='st'>"keyantibiotics"</span>,
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<span class='kw'>ignore_I</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>,
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<span class='kw'>points_threshold</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>2</span>,
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<span class='kw'>info</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>,
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<span class='kw'>include_unknown</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fl'>FALSE</span>,
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<span class='no'>...</span>
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)
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<span class='fu'>filter_first_isolate</span>(
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<span class='no'>x</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_date</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_patient_id</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_mo</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='no'>...</span>
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)
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<span class='fu'>filter_first_weighted_isolate</span>(
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<span class='no'>x</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_date</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_patient_id</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_mo</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_keyantibiotics</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='kw'>NULL</span>,
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<span class='no'>...</span>
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)</pre>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="arguments"><a class="anchor" href="#arguments"></a>Arguments</h2>
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<table class="ref-arguments">
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<colgroup><col class="name" /><col class="desc" /></colgroup>
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<tr>
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<th>x</th>
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<td><p>a <code><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html'>data.frame</a></code> containing isolates.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>col_date</th>
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<td><p>column name of the result date (or date that is was received on the lab), defaults to the first column of with a date class</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>col_patient_id</th>
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<td><p>column name of the unique IDs of the patients, defaults to the first column that starts with 'patient' or 'patid' (case insensitive)</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>col_mo</th>
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<td><p>column name of the IDs of the microorganisms (see <code><a href='as.mo.html'>as.mo()</a></code>), defaults to the first column of class <code><a href='as.mo.html'>mo</a></code>. Values will be coerced using <code><a href='as.mo.html'>as.mo()</a></code>.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>col_testcode</th>
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<td><p>column name of the test codes. Use <code>col_testcode = NULL</code> to <strong>not</strong> exclude certain test codes (like test codes for screening). In that case <code>testcodes_exclude</code> will be ignored.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>col_specimen</th>
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<td><p>column name of the specimen type or group</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>col_icu</th>
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<td><p>column name of the logicals (<code>TRUE</code>/<code>FALSE</code>) whether a ward or department is an Intensive Care Unit (ICU)</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>col_keyantibiotics</th>
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<td><p>column name of the key antibiotics to determine first <em>weighted</em> isolates, see <code><a href='key_antibiotics.html'>key_antibiotics()</a></code>. Defaults to the first column that starts with 'key' followed by 'ab' or 'antibiotics' (case insensitive). Use <code>col_keyantibiotics = FALSE</code> to prevent this.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>episode_days</th>
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<td><p>episode in days after which a genus/species combination will be determined as 'first isolate' again. The default of 365 days is based on the guideline by CLSI, see Source.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>testcodes_exclude</th>
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<td><p>character vector with test codes that should be excluded (case-insensitive)</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>icu_exclude</th>
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<td><p>logical whether ICU isolates should be excluded (rows with value <code>TRUE</code> in column <code>col_icu</code>)</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>specimen_group</th>
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<td><p>value in column <code>col_specimen</code> to filter on</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>type</th>
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<td><p>type to determine weighed isolates; can be <code>"keyantibiotics"</code> or <code>"points"</code>, see Details</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>ignore_I</th>
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<td><p>logical to determine whether antibiotic interpretations with <code>"I"</code> will be ignored when <code>type = "keyantibiotics"</code>, see Details</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>points_threshold</th>
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<td><p>points until the comparison of key antibiotics will lead to inclusion of an isolate when <code>type = "points"</code>, see Details</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>info</th>
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<td><p>print progress</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>include_unknown</th>
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<td><p>logical to determine whether 'unknown' microorganisms should be included too, i.e. microbial code <code>"UNKNOWN"</code>, which defaults to <code>FALSE</code>. For WHONET users, this means that all records with organism code <code>"con"</code> (<em>contamination</em>) will be excluded at default. Isolates with a microbial ID of <code>NA</code> will always be excluded as first isolate.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>...</th>
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<td><p>parameters passed on to the <code>first_isolate()</code> function</p></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="source"><a class="anchor" href="#source"></a>Source</h2>
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<p>Methodology of this function is based on:</p>
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<p><strong>M39 Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data, 4th Edition</strong>, 2014, <em>Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)</em>. <a href='https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m39/'>https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m39/</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="value"><a class="anchor" href="#value"></a>Value</h2>
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<p>A <code><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/logical.html'>logical</a></code> vector</p>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="details"><a class="anchor" href="#details"></a>Details</h2>
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<p><strong>WHY THIS IS SO IMPORTANT</strong> <br />
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To conduct an analysis of antimicrobial resistance, you should only include the first isolate of every patient per episode <a href='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17304462'>(ref)</a>. If you would not do this, you could easily get an overestimate or underestimate of the resistance of an antibiotic. Imagine that a patient was admitted with an MRSA and that it was found in 5 different blood cultures the following week. The resistance percentage of oxacillin of all <em>S. aureus</em> isolates would be overestimated, because you included this MRSA more than once. It would be <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias'>selection bias</a>.</p>
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<p>All isolates with a microbial ID of <code>NA</code> will be excluded as first isolate.</p>
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<p>The functions <code>filter_first_isolate()</code> and <code>filter_first_weighted_isolate()</code> are helper functions to quickly filter on first isolates. The function <code>filter_first_isolate()</code> is essentially equal to:</p><pre> x %>%
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mutate(only_firsts = first_isolate(x, ...)) %>%
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filter(only_firsts == TRUE) %>%
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select(-only_firsts)
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</pre>
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<p>The function <code>filter_first_weighted_isolate()</code> is essentially equal to:</p><pre> x %>%
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mutate(keyab = key_antibiotics(.)) %>%
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mutate(only_weighted_firsts = first_isolate(x,
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col_keyantibiotics = "keyab", ...)) %>%
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filter(only_weighted_firsts == TRUE) %>%
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select(-only_weighted_firsts)
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</pre>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="key-antibiotics"><a class="anchor" href="#key-antibiotics"></a>Key antibiotics</h2>
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<p>There are two ways to determine whether isolates can be included as first <em>weighted</em> isolates which will give generally the same results:</p><ol>
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<li><p>Using <code>type = "keyantibiotics"</code> and parameter <code>ignore_I</code></p>
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<p>Any difference from S to R (or vice versa) will (re)select an isolate as a first weighted isolate. With <code>ignore_I = FALSE</code>, also differences from I to S|R (or vice versa) will lead to this. This is a reliable method and 30-35 times faster than method 2. Read more about this in the <code><a href='key_antibiotics.html'>key_antibiotics()</a></code> function.</p></li>
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<li><p>Using <code>type = "points"</code> and parameter <code>points_threshold</code></p>
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<p>A difference from I to S|R (or vice versa) means 0.5 points, a difference from S to R (or vice versa) means 1 point. When the sum of points exceeds <code>points_threshold</code>, which default to <code>2</code>, an isolate will be (re)selected as a first weighted isolate.</p></li>
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</ol>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="read-more-on-our-website-"><a class="anchor" href="#read-more-on-our-website-"></a>Read more on our website!</h2>
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<p>On our website <a href='https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR'>https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR</a> you can find <a href='https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR/articles/AMR.html'>a comprehensive tutorial</a> about how to conduct AMR analysis, the <a href='https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR/reference'>complete documentation of all functions</a> (which reads a lot easier than here in R) and <a href='https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR/articles/WHONET.html'>an example analysis using WHONET data</a>.</p>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="see-also"><a class="anchor" href="#see-also"></a>See also</h2>
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<div class='dont-index'><p><code><a href='key_antibiotics.html'>key_antibiotics()</a></code></p></div>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="examples"><a class="anchor" href="#examples"></a>Examples</h2>
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<pre class="examples"><span class='co'># `example_isolates` is a dataset available in the AMR package.</span>
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<span class='co'># See ?example_isolates.</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html'>library</a></span>(<span class='no'>dplyr</span>)
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<span class='co'># Filter on first isolates:</span>
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<span class='no'>example_isolates</span> <span class='kw'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html'>mutate</a></span>(<span class='kw'>first_isolate</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'>first_isolate</span>(<span class='no'>.</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_date</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='st'>"date"</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_patient_id</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='st'>"patient_id"</span>,
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<span class='kw'>col_mo</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='st'>"mo"</span>)) <span class='kw'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html'>filter</a></span>(<span class='no'>first_isolate</span> <span class='kw'>==</span> <span class='fl'>TRUE</span>)
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<span class='co'># Which can be shortened to:</span>
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<span class='no'>example_isolates</span> <span class='kw'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'>filter_first_isolate</span>()
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<span class='co'># or for first weighted isolates:</span>
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<span class='no'>example_isolates</span> <span class='kw'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'>filter_first_weighted_isolate</span>()
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<span class='co'># Now let's see if first isolates matter:</span>
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<span class='no'>A</span> <span class='kw'><-</span> <span class='no'>example_isolates</span> <span class='kw'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html'>group_by</a></span>(<span class='no'>hospital_id</span>) <span class='kw'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html'>summarise</a></span>(<span class='kw'>count</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>n_rsi</a></span>(<span class='no'>GEN</span>), <span class='co'># gentamicin availability</span>
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<span class='kw'>resistance</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='proportion.html'>resistance</a></span>(<span class='no'>GEN</span>)) <span class='co'># gentamicin resistance</span>
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<span class='no'>B</span> <span class='kw'><-</span> <span class='no'>example_isolates</span> <span class='kw'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'>filter_first_weighted_isolate</span>() <span class='kw'>%>%</span> <span class='co'># the 1st isolate filter</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html'>group_by</a></span>(<span class='no'>hospital_id</span>) <span class='kw'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise.html'>summarise</a></span>(<span class='kw'>count</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='count.html'>n_rsi</a></span>(<span class='no'>GEN</span>), <span class='co'># gentamicin availability</span>
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<span class='kw'>resistance</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='proportion.html'>resistance</a></span>(<span class='no'>GEN</span>)) <span class='co'># gentamicin resistance</span>
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<span class='co'># Have a look at A and B.</span>
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<span class='co'># B is more reliable because every isolate is only counted once.</span>
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<span class='co'># Gentamicin resitance in hospital D appears to be 3.1% higher than</span>
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<span class='co'># when you (erroneously) would have used all isolates for analysis.</span>
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<span class='co'>## OTHER EXAMPLES:</span>
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<span class='kw'>if</span> (<span class='fl'>FALSE</span>) {
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<span class='co'># set key antibiotics to a new variable</span>
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<span class='no'>x</span>$<span class='no'>keyab</span> <span class='kw'><-</span> <span class='fu'><a href='key_antibiotics.html'>key_antibiotics</a></span>(<span class='no'>x</span>)
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<span class='no'>x</span>$<span class='no'>first_isolate</span> <span class='kw'><-</span> <span class='fu'>first_isolate</span>(<span class='no'>x</span>)
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<span class='no'>x</span>$<span class='no'>first_isolate_weighed</span> <span class='kw'><-</span> <span class='fu'>first_isolate</span>(<span class='no'>x</span>, <span class='kw'>col_keyantibiotics</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='st'>'keyab'</span>)
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<span class='no'>x</span>$<span class='no'>first_blood_isolate</span> <span class='kw'><-</span> <span class='fu'>first_isolate</span>(<span class='no'>x</span>, <span class='kw'>specimen_group</span> <span class='kw'>=</span> <span class='st'>"Blood"</span>)
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}</pre>
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</div>
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<div class="col-md-3 hidden-xs hidden-sm" id="sidebar">
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<h2>Contents</h2>
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<ul class="nav nav-pills nav-stacked">
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<li><a href="#arguments">Arguments</a></li>
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<li><a href="#source">Source</a></li>
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<li><a href="#value">Value</a></li>
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<li><a href="#details">Details</a></li>
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<li><a href="#key-antibiotics">Key antibiotics</a></li>
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<li><a href="#read-more-on-our-website-">Read more on our website!</a></li>
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<li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li>
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<li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
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</ul>
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<p>Developed by <a href='https://www.rug.nl/staff/m.s.berends/'>Matthijs S. Berends</a>, <a href='https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.f.luz/'>Christian F. Luz</a>, <a href='https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.w.friedrich/'>Alexander W. Friedrich</a>, <a href='https://www.rug.nl/staff/b.sinha/'>Bhanu N. M. Sinha</a>, <a href='https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.j.albers/'>Casper J. Albers</a>, <a href='https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.glasner/'>Corinna Glasner</a>.</p>
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