AMR/R/ab_class_selectors.R

# ==================================================================== #
# TITLE                                                                #
# Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Data Analysis for R                   #
#                                                                      #
# SOURCE                                                               #
# https://github.com/msberends/AMR                                     #
#                                                                      #
# LICENCE                                                              #
# (c) 2018-2021 Berends MS, Luz CF et al.                              #
# Developed at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, in        #
# collaboration with non-profit organisations Certe Medical            #
# Diagnostics & Advice, and University Medical Center Groningen.       # 
#                                                                      #
# This R package is free software; you can freely use and distribute   #
# it for both personal and commercial purposes under the terms of the  #
# GNU General Public License version 2.0 (GNU GPL-2), as published by  #
# the Free Software Foundation.                                        #
# We created this package for both routine data analysis and academic  #
# research and it was publicly released in the hope that it will be    #
# useful, but it comes WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OR LIABILITY.              #
#                                                                      #
# Visit our website for the full manual and a complete tutorial about  #
# how to conduct AMR data analysis: https://msberends.github.io/AMR/   #
# ==================================================================== #

#' Antibiotic Class Selectors
#' 
#' These functions allow for filtering rows and selecting columns based on antibiotic test results that are of a specific antibiotic class, without the need to define the columns or antibiotic abbreviations.
#' @inheritSection lifecycle Stable Lifecycle
#' @param ab_class an antimicrobial class, such as `"carbapenems"`. The columns `group`, `atc_group1` and `atc_group2` of the [antibiotics] data set will be searched (case-insensitive) for this value.
#' @param only_rsi_columns a [logical] to indicate whether only columns of class `<rsi>` must be selected (defaults to `FALSE`), see [as.rsi()]
#' @details
#' These functions can be used in data set calls for selecting columns and filtering rows. They are heavily inspired by the [Tidyverse selection helpers][tidyselect::language] such as [`everything()`][tidyselect::everything()], but also work in base \R and not only in `dplyr` verbs. Nonetheless, they are very convenient to use with `dplyr` functions such as [`select()`][dplyr::select()], [`filter()`][dplyr::filter()] and [`summarise()`][dplyr::summarise()], see *Examples*.
#' 
#' All columns in the data in which these functions are called will be searched for known antibiotic names, abbreviations, brand names, and codes (ATC, EARS-Net, WHO, etc.) in the [antibiotics] data set. This means that a selector such as [aminoglycosides()] will pick up column names like 'gen', 'genta', 'J01GB03', 'tobra', 'Tobracin', etc. Use the [ab_class()] function to filter/select on a manually defined antibiotic class.
#' 
#' @section Full list of supported agents:
#' 
#' `r paste0("* ", sapply(c("AMINOGLYCOSIDES", "AMINOPENICILLINS", "BETALACTAMS", "CARBAPENEMS", "CEPHALOSPORINS", "CEPHALOSPORINS_1ST", "CEPHALOSPORINS_2ND", "CEPHALOSPORINS_3RD", "CEPHALOSPORINS_4TH", "CEPHALOSPORINS_5TH", "FLUOROQUINOLONES", "GLYCOPEPTIDES", "LINCOSAMIDES", "LIPOGLYCOPEPTIDES", "MACROLIDES", "OXAZOLIDINONES", "PENICILLINS", "POLYMYXINS", "STREPTOGRAMINS", "QUINOLONES", "TETRACYCLINES", "UREIDOPENICILLINS"), function(x) paste0("``", tolower(x), "()`` can select ", vector_and(paste0(ab_name(eval(parse(text = x), envir = asNamespace("AMR")), language = NULL, tolower = TRUE), " (", eval(parse(text = x), envir = asNamespace("AMR")), ")"), quotes = FALSE))), "\n", collapse = "")`
#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @name antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
#' @inheritSection AMR Reference Data Publicly Available
#' @inheritSection AMR Read more on Our Website!
#' @examples 
#' # `example_isolates` is a data set available in the AMR package.
#' # See ?example_isolates.
#' 
#' # base R ------------------------------------------------------------------
#' 
#' # select columns 'IPM' (imipenem) and 'MEM' (meropenem)
#' example_isolates[, carbapenems()]
#' 
#' # select columns 'mo', 'AMK', 'GEN', 'KAN' and 'TOB'
#' example_isolates[, c("mo", aminoglycosides())]
#' 
#' # filter using any() or all()
#' example_isolates[any(carbapenems() == "R"), ]
#' subset(example_isolates, any(carbapenems() == "R"))
#' 
#' # filter on any or all results in the carbapenem columns (i.e., IPM, MEM):
#' example_isolates[any(carbapenems()), ]
#' example_isolates[all(carbapenems()), ]
#' 
#' # filter with multiple antibiotic selectors using c()
#' example_isolates[all(c(carbapenems(), aminoglycosides()) == "R"), ]
#' 
#' # filter + select in one go: get penicillins in carbapenems-resistant strains
#' example_isolates[any(carbapenems() == "R"), penicillins()]
#' 
#' 
#' # dplyr -------------------------------------------------------------------
#' \donttest{
#' if (require("dplyr")) {
#' 
#'   # get AMR for all aminoglycosides e.g., per hospital:
#'   example_isolates %>%
#'     group_by(hospital_id) %>% 
#'     summarise(across(aminoglycosides(), resistance))
#' 
#'   # this will select columns 'IPM' (imipenem) and 'MEM' (meropenem):
#'   example_isolates %>% 
#'     select(carbapenems())
#'     
#'   # this will select columns 'mo', 'AMK', 'GEN', 'KAN' and 'TOB':
#'   example_isolates %>% 
#'     select(mo, aminoglycosides())
#'     
#'  # any() and all() work in dplyr's filter() too:
#'  example_isolates %>% 
#'     filter(any(aminoglycosides() == "R"),
#'            all(cephalosporins_2nd() == "R"))
#'     
#'  # also works with c():
#'  example_isolates %>% 
#'     filter(any(c(carbapenems(), aminoglycosides()) == "R"))
#'     
#'  # not setting any/all will automatically apply all():
#'  example_isolates %>% 
#'     filter(aminoglycosides() == "R")
#'  #> i Assuming a filter on all 4 aminoglycosides.
#'     
#'   # this will select columns 'mo' and all antimycobacterial drugs ('RIF'):
#'   example_isolates %>% 
#'     select(mo, ab_class("mycobact"))
#'     
#'   # get bug/drug combinations for only macrolides in Gram-positives:
#'   example_isolates %>% 
#'     filter(mo_is_gram_positive()) %>% 
#'     select(mo, macrolides()) %>% 
#'     bug_drug_combinations() %>%
#'     format()
#'     
#'   data.frame(some_column = "some_value",
#'              J01CA01 = "S") %>%   # ATC code of ampicillin
#'     select(penicillins())         # only the 'J01CA01' column will be selected
#'     
#'     
#'   # with dplyr 1.0.0 and higher (that adds 'across()'), this is all equal:
#'   example_isolates[carbapenems() == "R", ]
#'   example_isolates %>% filter(carbapenems() == "R")
#'   example_isolates %>% filter(across(carbapenems(), ~.x == "R"))
#' }
#' }
ab_class <- function(ab_class, 
                     only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(ab_class, allow_class = "character", has_length = 1, allow_NULL = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector(NULL, only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns, ab_class = ab_class)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
aminoglycosides <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("aminoglycosides", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
aminopenicillins <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("aminopenicillins", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
betalactams <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("betalactams", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
carbapenems <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("carbapenems", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
cephalosporins <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("cephalosporins", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
cephalosporins_1st <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("cephalosporins_1st", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
cephalosporins_2nd <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("cephalosporins_2nd", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
cephalosporins_3rd <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("cephalosporins_3rd", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
cephalosporins_4th <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("cephalosporins_4th", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
cephalosporins_5th <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("cephalosporins_5th", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
fluoroquinolones <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("fluoroquinolones", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
glycopeptides <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("glycopeptides", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
lincosamides <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("lincosamides", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
lipoglycopeptides <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("lipoglycopeptides", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
macrolides <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("macrolides", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
oxazolidinones <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("oxazolidinones", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
penicillins <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("penicillins", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
polymyxins <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("polymyxins", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
streptogramins <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("streptogramins", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
quinolones <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("quinolones", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
tetracyclines <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("tetracyclines", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

#' @rdname antibiotic_class_selectors
#' @export
ureidopenicillins <- function(only_rsi_columns = FALSE) {
  meet_criteria(only_rsi_columns, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  ab_selector("ureidopenicillins", only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns)
}

ab_selector <- function(function_name,
                        only_rsi_columns,
                        ab_class = NULL) {
  # get_current_data() has to run each time, for cases where e.g., filter() and select() are used in same call
  # but it only takes a couple of milliseconds
  vars_df <- get_current_data(arg_name = NA, call = -3)
  # to improve speed, get_column_abx() will only run once when e.g. in a select or group call
  ab_in_data <- get_column_abx(vars_df, info = FALSE, only_rsi_columns = only_rsi_columns, sort = FALSE)

  if (length(ab_in_data) == 0) {
    message_("No antimicrobial agents found in the data.")
    return(NULL)
  }
  
  if (is.null(ab_class)) {
    # their upper case equivalent are vectors with class <ab>, created in data-raw/_internals.R
    abx <- get(toupper(function_name), envir = asNamespace("AMR"))  
    ab_group <- function_name
    examples <- paste0(" (such as ", vector_or(ab_name(sample(abx, size = min(2, length(abx)), replace = FALSE),
                                                       tolower = TRUE,
                                                       language = NULL),
                                               quotes = FALSE), ")")
  } else {
    # this for the 'manual' ab_class() function
    abx <- subset(AB_lookup,
                  group %like% ab_class |
                    atc_group1 %like% ab_class |
                    atc_group2 %like% ab_class)$ab
    ab_group <- find_ab_group(ab_class)
    function_name <- "ab_class"
    examples <- paste0(" (such as ", find_ab_names(ab_class, 2), ")")
  }

  # get the columns with a group names in the chosen ab class
  agents <- ab_in_data[names(ab_in_data) %in% abx]
    
  if (message_not_thrown_before(paste0(function_name, ".", paste(pkg_env$get_column_abx.out, collapse = "|")))) {
    if (length(agents) == 0) {
      message_("No antimicrobial agents of class '", ab_group, "' found", examples, ".")
    } else {
      agents_formatted <- paste0("'", font_bold(agents, collapse = NULL), "'")
      agents_names <- ab_name(names(agents), tolower = TRUE, language = NULL)
      need_name <- generalise_antibiotic_name(agents) != generalise_antibiotic_name(agents_names)
      agents_formatted[need_name] <- paste0(agents_formatted[need_name], " (", agents_names[need_name], ")")
      message_("For `", function_name, "(",
               ifelse(function_name == "ab_class", 
                      paste0("\"", ab_class, "\""),
                      ""),
               ")` using ",
               ifelse(length(agents) == 1, "column ", "columns "),
               vector_and(agents_formatted, quotes = FALSE, sort = FALSE))
    }
    remember_thrown_message(paste0(function_name, ".", paste(pkg_env$get_column_abx.out, collapse = "|")))
  }
  
  if (!is.null(attributes(vars_df)$type) &&
      attributes(vars_df)$type %in% c("dplyr_cur_data_all", "base_R") &&
      !any(as.character(sys.calls()) %like% paste0("(across|if_any|if_all)\\((c\\()?[a-z(), ]*", function_name))) {
    structure(unname(agents),
              class = c("ab_selector", "character"))
  } else {
    # don't return with "ab_selector" class if method is a dplyr selector,
    # dplyr::select() will complain:
    # > Subscript has the wrong type `ab_selector`.
    # > It must be numeric or character.
    unname(agents)
  }
}

#' @method c ab_selector
#' @export
#' @noRd
c.ab_selector <- function(...) {
  structure(unlist(lapply(list(...), as.character)),
            class = c("ab_selector", "character"))
}

all_any_ab_selector <- function(type, ..., na.rm = TRUE) {
  cols_ab <- c(...)
  result <- cols_ab[toupper(cols_ab) %in% c("R", "S", "I")]
  if (length(result) == 0) {
    message_("Filtering ", type, " of columns ", vector_and(font_bold(cols_ab, collapse = NULL), quotes = "'"), ' to contain value "R", "S" or "I"')
    result <- c("R", "S", "I")
  }
  cols_ab <- cols_ab[!cols_ab %in% result]
  df <- get_current_data(arg_name = NA, call = -3)
  
  if (type == "all") {
    scope_fn <- all
  } else {
    scope_fn <- any
  }
  
  x_transposed <- as.list(as.data.frame(t(df[, cols_ab, drop = FALSE]), stringsAsFactors = FALSE))
  vapply(FUN.VALUE = logical(1),
         X = x_transposed,
         FUN = function(y) scope_fn(y %in% result, na.rm = na.rm),
         USE.NAMES = FALSE)
}

#' @method all ab_selector
#' @export
#' @noRd
all.ab_selector <- function(..., na.rm = FALSE) {
  # this is all() for 
  all_any_ab_selector("all", ..., na.rm = na.rm)
}

#' @method any ab_selector
#' @export
#' @noRd
any.ab_selector <- function(..., na.rm = FALSE) {
  all_any_ab_selector("any", ..., na.rm = na.rm)
}


#' @method all ab_selector_any_all
#' @export
#' @noRd
all.ab_selector_any_all <- function(..., na.rm = FALSE) {
  # this is all() on a logical vector from `==.ab_selector` or `!=.ab_selector`
  # e.g., example_isolates %>% filter(all(carbapenems() == "R"))
  # so just return the vector as is, only correcting for na.rm
  out <- unclass(c(...))
  if (na.rm == TRUE) {
    out <- out[!is.na(out)]
  }
  out
}

#' @method any ab_selector_any_all
#' @export
#' @noRd
any.ab_selector_any_all <- function(..., na.rm = FALSE) {
  # this is any() on a logical vector from `==.ab_selector` or `!=.ab_selector`
  # e.g., example_isolates %>% filter(any(carbapenems() == "R"))
  # so just return the vector as is, only correcting for na.rm
  out <- unclass(c(...))
  if (na.rm == TRUE) {
    out <- out[!is.na(out)]
  }
  out
}

#' @method == ab_selector
#' @export
#' @noRd
`==.ab_selector` <- function(e1, e2) {
  calls <- as.character(match.call())
  fn_name <- calls[2]
  # keep only the ... in c(...)
  fn_name <- gsub("^(c\\()(.*)(\\))$", "\\2", fn_name)
  if (is_any(fn_name)) {
    type <- "any"
  } else if (is_all(fn_name)) {
    type <- "all"
  } else {
    type <- "all"
    if (length(e1) > 1) {
      message_("Assuming a filter on ", type, " ", length(e1), " ", gsub("[\\(\\)]", "", fn_name),
               ". Wrap around `all()` or `any()` to prevent this note.")
    }
  }
  structure(all_any_ab_selector(type = type, e1, e2),
            class = c("ab_selector_any_all", "logical"))
}

#' @method != ab_selector
#' @export
#' @noRd
`!=.ab_selector` <- function(e1, e2) {
  calls <- as.character(match.call())
  fn_name <- calls[2]
  # keep only the ... in c(...)
  fn_name <- gsub("^(c\\()(.*)(\\))$", "\\2", fn_name)
  if (is_any(fn_name)) {
    type <- "any"
  } else if (is_all(fn_name)) {
    type <- "all"
  } else {
    type <- "all"
    if (length(e1) > 1) {
      message_("Assuming a filter on ", type, " ", length(e1), " ", gsub("[\\(\\)]", "", fn_name),
               ". Wrap around `all()` or `any()` to prevent this note.")
    }
  }
  # this is `!=`, so turn around the values
  rsi <- c("R", "S", "I")
  e2 <- rsi[rsi != e2]
  structure(all_any_ab_selector(type = type, e1, e2),
            class = c("ab_selector_any_all", "logical"))
}

is_any <- function(el1) {
  syscall <- paste0(trimws(deparse(sys.calls()[[1]])), collapse = " ")
  el1 <- gsub("(.*),.*", "\\1", el1)
  syscall %like% paste0("[^_a-zA-Z0-9]any\\(", "(c\\()?", el1)
}
is_all <- function(el1) {
  syscall <- paste0(trimws(deparse(sys.calls()[[1]])), collapse = " ")
  el1 <- gsub("(.*),.*", "\\1", el1)
  syscall %like% paste0("[^_a-zA-Z0-9]all\\(", "(c\\()?", el1)
}


find_ab_group <- function(ab_class) {
  ab_class <- gsub("[^a-zA-Z0-9]", ".*", ab_class)
  AB_lookup %pm>%
    subset(group %like% ab_class | 
             atc_group1 %like% ab_class | 
             atc_group2 %like% ab_class) %pm>%
    pm_pull(group) %pm>%
    unique() %pm>%
    tolower() %pm>%
    sort() %pm>% 
    paste(collapse = "/")
}

find_ab_names <- function(ab_group, n = 3) {
  ab_group <- gsub("[^a-zA-Z|0-9]", ".*", ab_group)
  
  # try popular first, they have DDDs
  drugs <- antibiotics[which((!is.na(antibiotics$iv_ddd) | !is.na(antibiotics$oral_ddd)) &
                               antibiotics$name %unlike% " " &
                               antibiotics$group %like% ab_group &
                               antibiotics$ab %unlike% "[0-9]$"), ]$name
  if (length(drugs) < n) {
    # now try it all
    drugs <- antibiotics[which((antibiotics$group %like% ab_group |
                                  antibiotics$atc_group1 %like% ab_group |
                                  antibiotics$atc_group2 %like% ab_group) &
                                 antibiotics$ab %unlike% "[0-9]$"), ]$name
  }
  if (length(drugs) == 0) {
    return("??")
  }
  vector_or(ab_name(sample(drugs, size = min(n, length(drugs)), replace = FALSE),
                    tolower = TRUE,
                    language = NULL),
            quotes = FALSE)
}