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# ==================================================================== #
# TITLE #
# Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Data Analysis for R #
# #
# SOURCE #
# https://github.com/msberends/AMR #
# #
# LICENCE #
# (c) 2018-2022 Berends MS, Luz CF et al. #
# Developed at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, in #
# collaboration with non-profit organisations Certe Medical #
# Diagnostics & Advice, and University Medical Center Groningen. #
# #
# This R package is free software; you can freely use and distribute #
# it for both personal and commercial purposes under the terms of the #
# GNU General Public License version 2.0 (GNU GPL-2), as published by #
# the Free Software Foundation. #
# We created this package for both routine data analysis and academic #
# research and it was publicly released in the hope that it will be #
# useful, but it comes WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OR LIABILITY. #
# #
# Visit our website for the full manual and a complete tutorial about #
# how to conduct AMR data analysis: https://msberends.github.io/AMR/ #
# ==================================================================== #
# Go to https://lpsn.dsmz.de/downloads (register first) and download the latest CSV file.
file_location <- "data-raw/taxonomy.csv"
library(tidyverse)
library(AMR)
# these should still work after this update
test_fullname <- microorganisms$fullname
test_mo <- microorganisms$mo
# Helper functions --------------------------------------------------------
get_author_year <- function(ref) {
# Only keep first author, e.g. transform 'Smith, Jones, 2011' to 'Smith et al., 2011'
authors2 <- iconv(ref, from = "UTF-8", to = "ASCII//TRANSLIT")
authors2 <- gsub(" ?\\(Approved Lists [0-9]+\\) ?", " () ", authors2)
authors2 <- gsub(" [)(]+ $", "", authors2)
# remove leading and trailing brackets
authors2 <- trimws(gsub("^[(](.*)[)]$", "\\1", authors2))
# only take part after brackets if there's a name
authors2 <- ifelse(grepl(".*[)] [a-zA-Z]+.*", authors2),
gsub(".*[)] (.*)", "\\1", authors2),
authors2
)
# get year from last 4 digits
lastyear <- as.integer(gsub(".*([0-9]{4})$", "\\1", authors2))
# can never be later than now
lastyear <- ifelse(lastyear > as.integer(format(Sys.Date(), "%Y")),
NA,
lastyear
)
# get authors without last year
authors <- gsub("(.*)[0-9]{4}$", "\\1", authors2)
# remove nonsense characters from names
authors <- gsub("[^a-zA-Z,'& -]", "", authors)
# remove trailing and leading spaces
authors <- trimws(authors)
# only keep first author and replace all others by 'et al'
authors <- gsub("(,| and| et| &| ex| emend\\.?) .*", " et al.", authors)
# et al. always with ending dot
authors <- gsub(" et al\\.?", " et al.", authors)
authors <- gsub(" ?,$", "", authors)
# don't start with 'sensu' or 'ehrenb'
authors <- gsub("^(sensu|Ehrenb.?) ", "", authors, ignore.case = TRUE)
# no initials, only surname
authors <- gsub("^([A-Z]+ )+", "", authors, ignore.case = FALSE)
# combine author and year if year is available
ref <- ifelse(!is.na(lastyear),
paste0(authors, ", ", lastyear),
authors
)
# fix beginning and ending
ref <- gsub(", $", "", ref)
ref <- gsub("^, ", "", ref)
ref <- gsub("^(emend|et al.,?)", "", ref)
ref <- trimws(ref)
ref <- gsub("'", "", ref)
# a lot start with a lowercase character - fix that
ref[!grepl("^d[A-Z]", ref)] <- gsub("^([a-z])", "\\U\\1", ref[!grepl("^d[A-Z]", ref)], perl = TRUE)
# specific one for the French that are named dOrbigny
ref[grepl("^d[A-Z]", ref)] <- gsub("^d", "d'", ref[grepl("^d[A-Z]", ref)])
ref <- gsub(" +", " ", ref)
ref
}
df_remove_nonASCII <- function(df) {
# Remove non-ASCII characters (these are not allowed by CRAN)
df %>%
mutate_if(is.character, iconv, from = "UTF-8", to = "ASCII//TRANSLIT") %>%
# also remove invalid characters
mutate_if(is.character, ~ gsub("[\"'`]+", "", .)) %>%
AMR:::dataset_UTF8_to_ASCII()
}
abbreviate_mo <- function(x, minlength = 5, prefix = "", ...) {
# keep a starting Latin ae
suppressWarnings(
gsub("^ae", "\u00E6\u00E6", x, ignore.case = TRUE) %>%
abbreviate(
minlength = minlength,
use.classes = TRUE,
method = "both.sides", ...
) %>%
paste0(prefix, .) %>%
toupper() %>%
gsub("(\u00C6|\u00E6)+", "AE", .)
)
}
# Read data ---------------------------------------------------------------
taxonomy <- read_csv(file_location)
# Create synonyms ---------------------------------------------------------
new_synonyms <- taxonomy %>%
left_join(taxonomy,
by = c("record_lnk" = "record_no"),
suffix = c("", ".new")
) %>%
filter(!is.na(record_lnk)) %>%
mutate_all(~ ifelse(is.na(.), "", .)) %>%
transmute(
fullname = trimws(paste(genus_name, sp_epithet, subsp_epithet)),
fullname_new = trimws(paste(genus_name.new, sp_epithet.new, subsp_epithet.new)),
ref = get_author_year(authors),
prevalence = 0
) %>%
distinct(fullname, .keep_all = TRUE) %>%
filter(fullname != fullname_new) %>%
# this part joins this table to itself to correct for entries that had >1 renames,
# such as:
# Bacteroides tectum -> Bacteroides tectus -> Bacteroides pyogenes
left_join(., .,
by = c("fullname_new" = "fullname"),
suffix = c("", ".2")
) %>%
mutate(
fullname_new = ifelse(!is.na(fullname_new.2), fullname_new.2, fullname_new),
ref = ifelse(!is.na(ref.2), ref.2, ref)
) %>%
select(-ends_with(".2"))
mo_became_synonym <- microorganisms %>%
filter(fullname %in% new_synonyms$fullname)
updated_microorganisms <- taxonomy %>%
filter(is.na(record_lnk)) %>%
mutate_all(~ ifelse(is.na(.), "", .)) %>%
transmute(
mo = "",
fullname = trimws(paste(genus_name, sp_epithet, subsp_epithet)),
kingdom = "Bacteria",
phylum = "",
class = "",
order = "",
family = "",
genus = trimws(genus_name),
species = trimws(replace_na(sp_epithet, "")),
subspecies = trimws(replace_na(subsp_epithet, "")),
rank = case_when(
subspecies == "" & species == "" ~ "genus",
subspecies == "" ~ "species",
TRUE ~ "subsp."
),
ref = get_author_year(authors),
species_id = as.character(record_no),
source = "LPSN",
prevalence = 0,
snomed = NA
)
new_microorganisms <- updated_microorganisms %>%
filter(!fullname %in% microorganisms$fullname)
genera_with_mo_code <- updated_microorganisms %>%
filter(genus %in% (microorganisms %>% filter(kingdom == "Bacteria", rank == "genus") %>% pull(genus))) %>%
distinct(genus) %>%
left_join(microorganisms %>% filter(kingdom == "Bacteria", rank == "genus") %>% select(mo, genus),
by = "genus"
)
genera_without_mo_code <- updated_microorganisms %>%
filter(!genus %in% genera_with_mo_code$genus) %>%
pull(genus) %>%
unique()
genera_without_mo_code_abbr <- genera_without_mo_code %>% abbreviate_mo(5, prefix = "B_")
genera_without_mo_code_abbr[genera_without_mo_code_abbr %in% microorganisms$mo] <- abbreviate_mo(genera_without_mo_code[genera_without_mo_code_abbr %in% microorganisms$mo], 6, prefix = "B_")
genera_without_mo_code_abbr[genera_without_mo_code_abbr %in% microorganisms$mo] <- abbreviate_mo(genera_without_mo_code[genera_without_mo_code_abbr %in% microorganisms$mo], 7, prefix = "B_")
# all unique??
sum(genera_without_mo_code_abbr %in% microorganisms$mo) == 0
genus_abb <- tibble(
genus = genera_without_mo_code,
abbr = genera_without_mo_code_abbr
) %>%
bind_rows(microorganisms %>%
filter(kingdom == "Bacteria", rank == "genus", !genus %in% genera_without_mo_code) %>%
transmute(genus, abbr = as.character(mo))) %>%
arrange(genus)
# Update taxonomy ---------------------------------------------------------
# fill in the taxonomy of new genera
updated_taxonomy <- tibble(
phylum = character(0),
class = character(0),
order = character(0),
family = character(0),
genus = character(0)
)
for (page in LETTERS) {
message("Downloading page ", page, "... ", appendLF = FALSE)
url <- paste0("https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus?page=", page)
x <- xml2::read_html(url) %>%
rvest::html_node(".main-list") %>%
# evety list element with a set <id> attribute
rvest::html_nodes("li[id]")
for (i in seq_len(length(x))) {
txt <- x %>%
magrittr::extract2(i) %>%
rvest::html_text() %>%
gsub("\\[[A-Za-z]+, no [a-z]+\\]", "NA", .) %>%
gsub("Candidatus ", "", ., fixed = TRUE) %>%
gsub("[ \t\r\n\"]+", "|", .) %>%
gsub("\\|ShowHide.*", "", .) %>%
gsub("[\\[\\]]", "", ., fixed = TRUE) %>%
gsub("^\\|", "", .) %>%
strsplit("|", fixed = TRUE) %>%
unlist()
txt[txt == "NA"] <- ""
txt <- gsub("[^A-Za-z]+", "", txt)
updated_taxonomy <- updated_taxonomy %>%
bind_rows(tibble(
phylum = txt[2],
class = txt[3],
order = txt[4],
family = txt[5],
genus = txt[6]
))
}
message(length(x), " entries (total ", nrow(updated_taxonomy), ")")
}
# Create new microorganisms -----------------------------------------------
new_microorganisms <- new_microorganisms %>%
left_join(genus_abb, by = "genus") %>%
group_by(genus) %>%
mutate(species_abb = abbreviate_mo(species, 4)) %>%
group_by(genus, species) %>%
mutate(subspecies_abb = abbreviate_mo(subspecies, 4)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(
mo = paste(abbr, species_abb, subspecies_abb, sep = "_"),
mo = gsub("_+$", "", mo)
) %>%
select(-matches("abb"))
# add taxonomy new microorganisms
MOs <- microorganisms %>%
mutate(mo = as.character(mo)) %>%
bind_rows(new_microorganisms) %>%
arrange(fullname)
# unique MO codes
MOs$mo[which(duplicated(MOs$mo))] <- paste0(MOs$mo[which(duplicated(MOs$mo))], 1)
# all unique?
!any(duplicated(MOs$mo))
MOs <- MOs %>%
# remove entries that are now a synonym
filter(!fullname %in% new_synonyms$fullname) %>%
# update the taxonomy
left_join(updated_taxonomy, by = "genus", suffix = c("", ".new")) %>%
mutate(
phylum = ifelse(!is.na(phylum.new), phylum.new, phylum),
class = ifelse(!is.na(class.new), class.new, class),
order = ifelse(!is.na(order.new), order.new, order),
family = ifelse(!is.na(family.new), family.new, family)
) %>%
select(-ends_with(".new")) %>%
# update prevalence based on taxonomy (Berends et al., 2021)
mutate(prevalence = case_when(
class == "Gammaproteobacteria" |
genus %in% c("Enterococcus", "Staphylococcus", "Streptococcus")
~ 1,
kingdom %in% c("Archaea", "Bacteria", "Chromista", "Fungi") &
(phylum %in% c(
"Proteobacteria",
"Firmicutes",
"Actinobacteria",
"Sarcomastigophora"
) |
genus %in% MO_PREVALENT_GENERA |
rank %in% c("kingdom", "phylum", "class", "order", "family"))
~ 2,
TRUE ~ 3
))
# add all mssing genera, families and orders
MOs <- MOs %>%
bind_rows(
MOs %>%
arrange(genus, species) %>%
distinct(genus, .keep_all = TRUE) %>%
filter(rank == "species", source != "manually added") %>%
mutate(
mo = gsub("^([A-Z]_[A-Z]+)_.*", "\\1", mo),
fullname = genus,
species = "",
subspecies = "",
rank = "genus",
species_id = "",
snomed = NA,
ref = NA_character_
),
MOs %>%
group_by(family) %>%
filter(!any(rank == "family") & n() > 1) %>%
ungroup() %>%
arrange(family) %>%
distinct(family, .keep_all = TRUE) %>%
filter(!family %in% c("", NA), source != "manually added") %>%
mutate(
mo = paste0(
substr(kingdom, 1, 1), "_[FAM]_",
abbreviate(family,
minlength = 8,
use.classes = TRUE,
method = "both.sides",
strict = FALSE
)
),
mo = toupper(mo),
fullname = family,
genus = "",
species = "",
subspecies = "",
rank = "family",
species_id = "",
snomed = NA,
ref = NA_character_
),
MOs %>%
group_by(order) %>%
filter(!any(rank == "order") & n() > 1) %>%
ungroup() %>%
arrange(order) %>%
distinct(order, .keep_all = TRUE) %>%
filter(!order %in% c("", NA), source != "manually added") %>%
mutate(
mo = paste0(
substr(kingdom, 1, 1), "_[ORD]_",
abbreviate(order,
minlength = 8,
use.classes = TRUE,
method = "both.sides",
strict = FALSE
)
),
mo = toupper(mo),
fullname = order,
family = "",
genus = "",
species = "",
subspecies = "",
rank = "order",
species_id = "",
snomed = NA,
ref = NA_character_
)
) %>%
arrange(fullname)
# clean up
MOs <- MOs %>%
df_remove_nonASCII()
# Add LPSN record IDs -----------------------------------------------------
records_ids <- taxonomy %>%
mutate(across(1:3, function(x) {
x[is.na(x)] <- ""
x
}),
fullname = trimws(paste(genus_name, sp_epithet, subsp_epithet))
) %>%
transmute(fullname, species_id = as.numeric(record_no)) %>%
arrange(fullname, species_id) %>%
distinct(fullname, .keep_all = TRUE)
message("Adding ", sum(records_ids$fullname %in% microorganisms$fullname), " LPSN record IDs")
MOs <- MOs %>%
select(-species_id) %>%
left_join(records_ids, by = "fullname") %>%
relocate(species_id, .after = ref) %>%
mutate(source = case_when(
!is.na(species_id) ~ "LPSN",
source %unlike% "manual" ~ "CoL",
TRUE ~ source
))
# Merge synonyms ----------------------------------------------------------
# remove synonyms that are now valid names
MOs.old <- microorganisms.old %>%
# add new synonyms
bind_rows(new_synonyms) %>%
filter(!fullname %in% MOs$fullname) %>%
arrange(fullname) %>%
distinct(fullname, fullname_new, .keep_all = TRUE) %>%
# add prevalence to old taxonomic names
select(-prevalence) %>%
left_join(MOs %>% select(fullname, prevalence), by = c("fullname_new" = "fullname")) %>%
# clean up
df_remove_nonASCII()
message("microorganisms new: ", sum(!MOs$fullname %in% c(microorganisms$fullname, MOs.old$fullname)))
message("microorganisms renamed: ", sum(!MOs.old$fullname %in% microorganisms.old$fullname))
# Save --------------------------------------------------------------------
# class <mo>
class(MOs$mo) <- c("mo", "character")
microorganisms <- MOs
microorganisms.old <- MOs.old
# --- Moraxella catarrhalis was named Branhamella catarrhalis (Catlin, 1970), but this is unaccepted in clinical microbiology
# we keep them both
microorganisms <- microorganisms %>%
bind_rows(microorganisms %>%
filter(fullname == "Branhamella catarrhalis") %>%
mutate(
mo = "B_MRXLL_CTRR",
fullname = "Moraxella catarrhalis",
genus = "Moraxella",
ref = "Henriksen et al., 1968",
species_id = "a374f6f0868e05f9c0f5077b60ee0a6c",
snomed = as.list(24226003)
)) %>%
arrange(fullname) %>%
df_remove_nonASCII()
microorganisms.old <- microorganisms.old %>%
filter(fullname != "Moraxella catarrhalis")
# ---
# (this would be a great moment to run data-raw/snomed.R as well)
# on the server, do:
usethis::use_data(microorganisms, overwrite = TRUE, version = 2, compress = "xz")
usethis::use_data(microorganisms.old, overwrite = TRUE, version = 2, compress = "xz")
rm(microorganisms)
rm(microorganisms.old)
# DON'T FORGET TO UPDATE R/globals.R!
# load new data sets
devtools::load_all(".")
# reset previously changed mo codes
rsi_translation$mo <- as.mo(rsi_translation$mo, language = NULL)
usethis::use_data(rsi_translation, overwrite = TRUE, version = 2, compress = "xz")
rm(rsi_translation)
microorganisms.codes$mo <- as.mo(microorganisms.codes$mo, language = NULL)
# new NAs introduced?
any(is.na(microorganisms.codes$mo))
usethis::use_data(microorganisms.codes, overwrite = TRUE, version = 2, compress = "xz")
rm(microorganisms.codes)
example_isolates$mo <- as.mo(example_isolates$mo, language = NULL)
usethis::use_data(example_isolates, overwrite = TRUE, version = 2)
rm(example_isolates)
intrinsic_resistant$microorganism <- suppressMessages(mo_name(intrinsic_resistant$microorganism))
usethis::use_data(intrinsic_resistant, overwrite = TRUE, version = 2)
rm(intrinsic_resistant)
# load new data sets again
devtools::load_all(".")
source("data-raw/_pre_commit_hook.R")
devtools::load_all(".")
# Test updates ------------------------------------------------------------
# and check: these codes should not be missing (will otherwise throw a unit test error):
AMR::microorganisms.codes %>% filter(!mo %in% MOs$mo)
AMR::rsi_translation %>% filter(!mo %in% MOs$mo)
AMR:::microorganisms.translation %>% filter(!mo_new %in% MOs$mo)
AMR::example_isolates %>% filter(!mo %in% MOs$mo)
# Don't forget to add SNOMED codes! (data-raw/snomed.R)
# run the unit tests
Sys.setenv(NOT_CRAN = "true")
testthat::test_file("tests/testthat/test-data.R")
testthat::test_file("tests/testthat/test-mo.R")
testthat::test_file("tests/testthat/test-mo_property.R")
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