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<h1 data-toc-skip>Benchmarks</h1>
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<h4 class="author">Matthijs S. Berends</h4>
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<h4 class="date">20 May 2020</h4>
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<small class="dont-index">Source: <a href="https://gitlab.com/msberends/AMR/blob/master/vignettes/benchmarks.Rmd"><code>vignettes/benchmarks.Rmd</code></a></small>
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<p>One of the most important features of this package is the complete microbial taxonomic database, supplied by the <a href="http://catalogueoflife.org">Catalogue of Life</a>. We created a function <code><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code> that transforms any user input value to a valid microbial ID by using intelligent rules combined with the taxonomic tree of Catalogue of Life.</p>
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<p>Using the <code>microbenchmark</code> package, we can review the calculation performance of this function. Its function <code>microbenchmark()</code> runs different input expressions independently of each other and measures their time-to-result.</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><html><body><pre class="r"><span class="no">microbenchmark</span> <span class="kw"><-</span> <span class="kw pkg">microbenchmark</span><span class="kw ns">::</span><span class="no"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/microbenchmark/man/microbenchmark.html">microbenchmark</a></span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span>(<span class="no">AMR</span>)
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span>(<span class="no">dplyr</span>)</pre></body></html></div>
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<p>In the next test, we try to ‘coerce’ different input values into the microbial code of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. Coercion is a computational process of forcing output based on an input. For microorganism names, coercing user input to taxonomically valid microorganism names is crucial to ensure correct interpretation and to enable grouping based on taxonomic properties.</p>
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<p>The actual result is the same every time: it returns its microorganism code <code>B_STPHY_AURS</code> (<em>B</em> stands for <em>Bacteria</em>, the taxonomic kingdom).</p>
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<p>But the calculation time differs a lot:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><html><body><pre class="r"><span class="no">S.aureus</span> <span class="kw"><-</span> <span class="fu">microbenchmark</span>(
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"sau"</span>), <span class="co"># WHONET code</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"stau"</span>),
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"STAU"</span>),
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"staaur"</span>),
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"STAAUR"</span>),
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"S. aureus"</span>),
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"S aureus"</span>),
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"Staphylococcus aureus"</span>), <span class="co"># official taxonomic name</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)"</span>), <span class="co"># additional text</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"Sthafilokkockus aaureuz"</span>), <span class="co"># incorrect spelling</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"MRSA"</span>), <span class="co"># Methicillin Resistant S. aureus</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"VISA"</span>), <span class="co"># Vancomycin Intermediate S. aureus</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"VRSA"</span>), <span class="co"># Vancomycin Resistant S. aureus</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="fl">22242419</span>), <span class="co"># Catalogue of Life ID</span>
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<span class="kw">times</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">10</span>)
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span>(<span class="no">S.aureus</span>, <span class="kw">unit</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, <span class="kw">signif</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">2</span>)
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<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
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<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq max neval</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("sau") 8.7 9.4 13.0 9.5 11 39.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("stau") 140.0 150.0 160.0 170.0 180 180.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("STAU") 140.0 140.0 160.0 150.0 170 180.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("staaur") 8.7 9.6 16.0 11.0 11 41.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("STAAUR") 8.7 9.2 13.0 10.0 11 37.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("S. aureus") 10.0 12.0 23.0 13.0 39 41.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("S aureus") 9.4 10.0 11.0 11.0 12 12.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("Staphylococcus aureus") 7.5 7.5 8.3 8.4 9 9.3 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)") 890.0 930.0 940.0 940.0 950 980.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("Sthafilokkockus aaureuz") 370.0 390.0 420.0 400.0 440 510.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("MRSA") 8.0 8.9 15.0 10.0 11 39.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("VISA") 20.0 21.0 36.0 25.0 53 60.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("VRSA") 19.0 22.0 29.0 24.0 26 53.0 10</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo(22242419) 150.0 150.0 170.0 150.0 160 290.0 10</span></pre></body></html></div>
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<p><img src="benchmarks_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" width="562.5"></p>
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<p>In the table above, all measurements are shown in milliseconds (thousands of seconds). A value of 5 milliseconds means it can determine 200 input values per second. It case of 100 milliseconds, this is only 10 input values per second.</p>
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<p>To achieve this speed, the <code>as.mo</code> function also takes into account the prevalence of human pathogenic microorganisms. The downside of this is of course that less prevalent microorganisms will be determined less fast. See this example for the ID of <em>Methanosarcina semesiae</em> (<code>B_MTHNSR_SEMS</code>), a bug probably never found before in humans:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><html><body><pre class="r"><span class="no">M.semesiae</span> <span class="kw"><-</span> <span class="fu">microbenchmark</span>(<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"metsem"</span>),
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"METSEM"</span>),
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"M. semesiae"</span>),
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"M. semesiae"</span>),
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<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo</a></span>(<span class="st">"Methanosarcina semesiae"</span>),
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<span class="kw">times</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">10</span>)
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span>(<span class="no">M.semesiae</span>, <span class="kw">unit</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, <span class="kw">signif</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">4</span>)
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<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
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<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("metsem") 163.900 165.300 180.600 176.600 192.600</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("METSEM") 153.500 156.100 177.300 176.000 200.400</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("M. semesiae") 9.155 10.250 15.980 10.800 12.790</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("M. semesiae") 9.498 10.160 16.700 10.560 11.050</span>
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<span class="co"># as.mo("Methanosarcina semesiae") 7.006 7.345 7.993 7.814 8.413</span>
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<span class="co"># max neval</span>
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<span class="co"># 206.600 10</span>
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<span class="co"># 206.800 10</span>
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<span class="co"># 38.630 10</span>
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<span class="co"># 46.810 10</span>
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<span class="co"># 9.659 10</span></pre></body></html></div>
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<p>Looking up arbitrary codes of less prevalent microorganisms costs the most time. Full names (like <em>Methanosarcina semesiae</em>) are always very fast and only take some thousands of seconds to coerce - they are the most probable input from most data sets.</p>
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<p>In the figure below, we compare <em>Escherichia coli</em> (which is very common) with <em>Prevotella brevis</em> (which is moderately common) and with <em>Methanosarcina semesiae</em> (which is uncommon):</p>
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<p><img src="benchmarks_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" width="900"></p>
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<p>Uncommon microorganisms take some more time than common microorganisms. To further improve performance, two important calculations take almost no time at all: <strong>repetitive results</strong> and <strong>already precalculated results</strong>.</p>
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<div id="repetitive-results" class="section level3">
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<h3 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#repetitive-results" class="anchor"></a>Repetitive results</h3>
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<p>Repetitive results are unique values that are present more than once. Unique values will only be calculated once by <code><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code>. We will use <code><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name()</a></code> for this test - a helper function that returns the full microbial name (genus, species and possibly subspecies) which uses <code><a href="../reference/as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code> internally.</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><html><body><pre class="r"><span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library</a></span>(<span class="no">dplyr</span>)</pre></body></html></div>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><html><body><pre class="r"><span class="co"># take all MO codes from the example_isolates data set</span>
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<span class="no">x</span> <span class="kw"><-</span> <span class="no">example_isolates</span>$<span class="no">mo</span> <span class="kw">%>%</span>
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<span class="co"># keep only the unique ones</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/unique.html">unique</a></span>() <span class="kw">%>%</span>
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<span class="co"># pick 50 of them at random</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/sample.html">sample</a></span>(<span class="fl">50</span>) <span class="kw">%>%</span>
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<span class="co"># paste that 10,000 times</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/rep.html">rep</a></span>(<span class="fl">10000</span>) <span class="kw">%>%</span>
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<span class="co"># scramble it</span>
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<span class="fu"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/sample.html">sample</a></span>()
|
||
|
||
<span class="co"># got indeed 50 times 10,000 = half a million?</span>
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html">length</a></span>(<span class="no">x</span>)
|
||
<span class="co"># [1] 500000</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="co"># and how many unique values do we have?</span>
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/n_distinct.html">n_distinct</a></span>(<span class="no">x</span>)
|
||
<span class="co"># [1] 50</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="co"># now let's see:</span>
|
||
<span class="no">run_it</span> <span class="kw"><-</span> <span class="fu">microbenchmark</span>(<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="no">x</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">times</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">10</span>)
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span>(<span class="no">run_it</span>, <span class="kw">unit</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, <span class="kw">signif</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">3</span>)
|
||
<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq max neval</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># mo_name(x) 1690 1710 1770 1760 1810 1870 10</span></pre></body></html></div>
|
||
<p>So transforming 500,000 values (!!) of 50 unique values only takes 1.76 seconds. You only lose time on your unique input values.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="precalculated-results" class="section level3">
|
||
<h3 class="hasAnchor">
|
||
<a href="#precalculated-results" class="anchor"></a>Precalculated results</h3>
|
||
<p>What about precalculated results? If the input is an already precalculated result of a helper function like <code><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name()</a></code>, it almost doesn’t take any time at all (see ‘C’ below):</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><html><body><pre class="r"><span class="no">run_it</span> <span class="kw"><-</span> <span class="fu">microbenchmark</span>(<span class="kw">A</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"B_STPHY_AURS"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">B</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"S. aureus"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">C</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"Staphylococcus aureus"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">times</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">10</span>)
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span>(<span class="no">run_it</span>, <span class="kw">unit</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, <span class="kw">signif</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">3</span>)
|
||
<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq max neval</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># A 6.240 6.490 6.860 6.910 7.15 7.510 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># B 10.500 10.600 15.300 12.000 12.10 49.300 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># C 0.198 0.243 0.266 0.278 0.29 0.322 10</span></pre></body></html></div>
|
||
<p>So going from <code><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name("Staphylococcus aureus")</a></code> to <code>"Staphylococcus aureus"</code> takes 0.0003 seconds - it doesn’t even start calculating <em>if the result would be the same as the expected resulting value</em>. That goes for all helper functions:</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><html><body><pre class="r"><span class="no">run_it</span> <span class="kw"><-</span> <span class="fu">microbenchmark</span>(<span class="kw">A</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_species</a></span>(<span class="st">"aureus"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">B</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_genus</a></span>(<span class="st">"Staphylococcus"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">C</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"Staphylococcus aureus"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">D</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_family</a></span>(<span class="st">"Staphylococcaceae"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">E</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_order</a></span>(<span class="st">"Bacillales"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">F</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_class</a></span>(<span class="st">"Bacilli"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">G</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_phylum</a></span>(<span class="st">"Firmicutes"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">H</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_kingdom</a></span>(<span class="st">"Bacteria"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">times</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">10</span>)
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span>(<span class="no">run_it</span>, <span class="kw">unit</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, <span class="kw">signif</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">3</span>)
|
||
<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq max neval</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># A 0.248 0.253 0.266 0.256 0.271 0.323 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># B 0.248 0.254 0.272 0.255 0.257 0.420 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># C 0.245 0.259 0.265 0.268 0.271 0.286 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># D 0.248 0.252 0.268 0.261 0.278 0.323 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># E 0.250 0.256 0.265 0.261 0.268 0.312 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># F 0.237 0.238 0.249 0.243 0.246 0.317 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># G 0.239 0.242 0.252 0.245 0.245 0.319 10</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># H 0.233 0.241 0.262 0.256 0.272 0.347 10</span></pre></body></html></div>
|
||
<p>Of course, when running <code><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_phylum("Firmicutes")</a></code> the function has zero knowledge about the actual microorganism, namely <em>S. aureus</em>. But since the result would be <code>"Firmicutes"</code> anyway, there is no point in calculating the result. And because this package ‘knows’ all phyla of all known bacteria (according to the Catalogue of Life), it can just return the initial value immediately.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="results-in-other-languages" class="section level3">
|
||
<h3 class="hasAnchor">
|
||
<a href="#results-in-other-languages" class="anchor"></a>Results in other languages</h3>
|
||
<p>When the system language is non-English and supported by this <code>AMR</code> package, some functions will have a translated result. This almost does’t take extra time:</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><html><body><pre class="r"><span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, <span class="kw">language</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"en"</span>) <span class="co"># or just mo_name("CoNS") on an English system</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># [1] "Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS)"</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, <span class="kw">language</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"es"</span>) <span class="co"># or just mo_name("CoNS") on a Spanish system</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># [1] "Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo (SCN)"</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, <span class="kw">language</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"nl"</span>) <span class="co"># or just mo_name("CoNS") on a Dutch system</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># [1] "Coagulase-negatieve Staphylococcus (CNS)"</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="no">run_it</span> <span class="kw"><-</span> <span class="fu">microbenchmark</span>(<span class="kw">en</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, <span class="kw">language</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"en"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">de</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, <span class="kw">language</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"de"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">nl</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, <span class="kw">language</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"nl"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">es</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, <span class="kw">language</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"es"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">it</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, <span class="kw">language</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"it"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">fr</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, <span class="kw">language</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"fr"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">pt</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="../reference/mo_property.html">mo_name</a></span>(<span class="st">"CoNS"</span>, <span class="kw">language</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"pt"</span>),
|
||
<span class="kw">times</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">100</span>)
|
||
<span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/print.html">print</a></span>(<span class="no">run_it</span>, <span class="kw">unit</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"ms"</span>, <span class="kw">signif</span> <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="fl">4</span>)
|
||
<span class="co"># Unit: milliseconds</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># expr min lq mean median uq max neval</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># en 20.99 21.59 26.64 22.35 22.94 69.49 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># de 22.02 22.54 26.83 22.98 23.87 63.13 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># nl 25.78 26.55 34.69 27.25 28.22 182.90 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># es 21.92 22.67 26.97 23.26 24.01 62.68 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># it 21.96 22.58 25.11 22.90 23.50 66.81 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># fr 21.82 22.76 27.53 23.26 23.84 66.75 100</span>
|
||
<span class="co"># pt 21.76 22.56 25.84 23.13 23.90 63.63 100</span></pre></body></html></div>
|
||
<p>Currently supported are German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, French and Portuguese.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-md-3 hidden-xs hidden-sm" id="pkgdown-sidebar">
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<p>Developed by <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/m.s.berends/">Matthijs S. Berends</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.f.luz/">Christian F. Luz</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.w.friedrich/">Alexander W. Friedrich</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/b.sinha/">Bhanu N. M. Sinha</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.j.albers/">Casper J. Albers</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.glasner/">Corinna Glasner</a>.</p>
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|
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<p>Site built with <a href="https://pkgdown.r-lib.org/">pkgdown</a> 1.5.1.</p>
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