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<img src="../logo.svg" class="logo" alt=""><h1>Determine Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDRO)</h1>
<small class="dont-index">Source: <a href="https://github.com/msberends/AMR/blob/HEAD/R/mdro.R" class="external-link"><code>R/mdro.R</code></a></small>
<div class="d-none name"><code>mdro.Rd</code></div>
</div>
<div class="ref-description section level2">
<p>Determine which isolates are multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) according to international, national and custom guidelines.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="ref-usage">Usage<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ref-usage"></a></h2>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code><span><span class="fu">mdro</span><span class="op">(</span></span>
<span> x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">NULL</span>,</span>
<span> guideline <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"CMI2012"</span>,</span>
<span> col_mo <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">NULL</span>,</span>
<span> info <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/interactive.html" class="external-link">interactive</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span>,</span>
<span> pct_required_classes <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>,</span>
<span> combine_SI <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span> verbose <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>,</span>
<span> only_rsi_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>,</span>
<span> <span class="va">...</span></span>
<span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">custom_mdro_guideline</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">...</span>, as_factor <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">brmo</span><span class="op">(</span>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">NULL</span>, only_rsi_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">mrgn</span><span class="op">(</span>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">NULL</span>, only_rsi_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">mdr_tb</span><span class="op">(</span>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">NULL</span>, only_rsi_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">mdr_cmi2012</span><span class="op">(</span>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">NULL</span>, only_rsi_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span></span>
<span><span class="fu">eucast_exceptional_phenotypes</span><span class="op">(</span>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">NULL</span>, only_rsi_columns <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">FALSE</span>, <span class="va">...</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="source">Source<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#source"></a></h2>
<p>See the supported guidelines above for the <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html" class="external-link">list</a> of publications used for this function.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="arguments">Arguments<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#arguments"></a></h2>
<dl><dt>x</dt>
<dd><p>a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html" class="external-link">data.frame</a> with antibiotics columns, like <code>AMX</code> or <code>amox</code>. Can be left blank for automatic determination.</p></dd>
<dt>guideline</dt>
<dd><p>a specific guideline to follow, see sections <em>Supported international / national guidelines</em> and <em>Using Custom Guidelines</em> below. When left empty, the publication by Magiorakos <em>et al.</em> (see below) will be followed.</p></dd>
<dt>col_mo</dt>
<dd><p>column name of the IDs of the microorganisms (see <code><a href="as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code>), defaults to the first column of class <code><a href="as.mo.html">mo</a></code>. Values will be coerced using <code><a href="as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code>.</p></dd>
<dt>info</dt>
<dd><p>a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/logical.html" class="external-link">logical</a> to indicate whether progress should be printed to the console, defaults to only print while in interactive sessions</p></dd>
<dt>pct_required_classes</dt>
<dd><p>minimal required percentage of antimicrobial classes that must be available per isolate, rounded down. For example, with the default guideline, 17 antimicrobial classes must be available for <em>S. aureus</em>. Setting this <code>pct_required_classes</code> argument to <code>0.5</code> (default) means that for every <em>S. aureus</em> isolate at least 8 different classes must be available. Any lower number of available classes will return <code>NA</code> for that isolate.</p></dd>
<dt>combine_SI</dt>
<dd><p>a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/logical.html" class="external-link">logical</a> to indicate whether all values of S and I must be merged into one, so resistance is only considered when isolates are R, not I. As this is the default behaviour of the <code>mdro()</code> function, it follows the redefinition by EUCAST about the interpretation of I (increased exposure) in 2019, see section 'Interpretation of S, I and R' below. When using <code>combine_SI = FALSE</code>, resistance is considered when isolates are R or I.</p></dd>
<dt>verbose</dt>
<dd><p>a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/logical.html" class="external-link">logical</a> to turn Verbose mode on and off (default is off). In Verbose mode, the function does not return the MDRO results, but instead returns a data set in logbook form with extensive info about which isolates would be MDRO-positive, or why they are not.</p></dd>
<dt>only_rsi_columns</dt>
<dd><p>a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/logical.html" class="external-link">logical</a> to indicate whether only antibiotic columns must be detected that were transformed to class <code>rsi</code> (see <code><a href="as.rsi.html">as.rsi()</a></code>) on beforehand (defaults to <code>FALSE</code>)</p></dd>
<dt>...</dt>
<dd><p>in case of <code>custom_mdro_guideline()</code>: a set of rules, see section <em>Using Custom Guidelines</em> below. Otherwise: column name of an antibiotic, see section <em>Antibiotics</em> below.</p></dd>
<dt>as_factor</dt>
<dd><p>a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/logical.html" class="external-link">logical</a> to indicate whether the returned value should be an ordered <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/factor.html" class="external-link">factor</a> (<code>TRUE</code>, default), or otherwise a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/character.html" class="external-link">character</a> vector</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="value">Value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#value"></a></h2>
<ul><li><p>CMI 2012 paper - function <code>mdr_cmi2012()</code> or <code>mdro()</code>:<br>
Ordered <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/factor.html" class="external-link">factor</a> with levels <code>Negative</code> &lt; <code>Multi-drug-resistant (MDR)</code> &lt; <code>Extensively drug-resistant (XDR)</code> &lt; <code>Pandrug-resistant (PDR)</code></p></li>
<li><p>TB guideline - function <code>mdr_tb()</code> or <code>mdro(..., guideline = "TB")</code>:<br>
Ordered <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/factor.html" class="external-link">factor</a> with levels <code>Negative</code> &lt; <code>Mono-resistant</code> &lt; <code>Poly-resistant</code> &lt; <code>Multi-drug-resistant</code> &lt; <code>Extensively drug-resistant</code></p></li>
<li><p>German guideline - function <code>mrgn()</code> or <code>mdro(..., guideline = "MRGN")</code>:<br>
Ordered <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/factor.html" class="external-link">factor</a> with levels <code>Negative</code> &lt; <code>3MRGN</code> &lt; <code>4MRGN</code></p></li>
<li><p>Everything else, except for custom guidelines:<br>
Ordered <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/factor.html" class="external-link">factor</a> with levels <code>Negative</code> &lt; <code>Positive, unconfirmed</code> &lt; <code>Positive</code>. The value <code>"Positive, unconfirmed"</code> means that, according to the guideline, it is not entirely sure if the isolate is multi-drug resistant and this should be confirmed with additional (e.g. molecular) tests</p></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="details">Details<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#details"></a></h2>
<p>These functions are context-aware. This means that the <code>x</code> argument can be left blank if used inside a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/data.frame.html" class="external-link">data.frame</a> call, see <em>Examples</em>.</p>
<p>For the <code>pct_required_classes</code> argument, values above 1 will be divided by 100. This is to support both fractions (<code>0.75</code> or <code>3/4</code>) and percentages (<code>75</code>).</p>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Every test that involves the Enterobacteriaceae family, will internally be performed using its newly named <em>order</em> Enterobacterales, since the Enterobacteriaceae family has been taxonomically reclassified by Adeolu <em>et al.</em> in 2016. Before that, Enterobacteriaceae was the only family under the Enterobacteriales (with an i) order. All species under the old Enterobacteriaceae family are still under the new Enterobacterales (without an i) order, but divided into multiple families. The way tests are performed now by this <code>mdro()</code> function makes sure that results from before 2016 and after 2016 are identical.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="supported-international-national-guidelines">Supported International / National Guidelines<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#supported-international-national-guidelines"></a></h2>
<p>Currently supported guidelines are (case-insensitive):</p><ul><li><p><code>guideline = "CMI2012"</code> (default)</p>
<p>Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A <em>et al.</em> "Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance." Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2012) (<a href="https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)61632-3/fulltext" class="external-link">link</a>)</p></li>
<li><p><code>guideline = "EUCAST3.3"</code> (or simply <code>guideline = "EUCAST"</code>)</p>
<p>The European international guideline - EUCAST Expert Rules Version 3.3 "Intrinsic Resistance and Unusual Phenotypes" (<a href="https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Expert_Rules/2021/Intrinsic_Resistance_and_Unusual_Phenotypes_Tables_v3.3_20211018.pdf" class="external-link">link</a>)</p></li>
<li><p><code>guideline = "EUCAST3.2"</code></p>
<p>The European international guideline - EUCAST Expert Rules Version 3.2 "Intrinsic Resistance and Unusual Phenotypes" (<a href="https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Expert_Rules/2020/Intrinsic_Resistance_and_Unusual_Phenotypes_Tables_v3.2_20200225.pdf" class="external-link">link</a>)</p></li>
<li><p><code>guideline = "EUCAST3.1"</code></p>
<p>The European international guideline - EUCAST Expert Rules Version 3.1 "Intrinsic Resistance and Exceptional Phenotypes Tables" (<a href="https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Expert_Rules/Expert_rules_intrinsic_exceptional_V3.1.pdf" class="external-link">link</a>)</p></li>
<li><p><code>guideline = "TB"</code></p>
<p>The international guideline for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis - World Health Organization "Companion handbook to the WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis" (<a href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548809" class="external-link">link</a>)</p></li>
<li><p><code>guideline = "MRGN"</code></p>
<p>The German national guideline - Mueller et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 4:7; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-015-0047-6" class="external-link">doi:10.1186/s13756-015-0047-6</a></p></li>
<li><p><code>guideline = "BRMO"</code></p>
<p>The Dutch national guideline - Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu "WIP-richtlijn BRMO (Bijzonder Resistente Micro-Organismen) (ZKH)" (<a href="https://www.rivm.nl/wip-richtlijn-brmo-bijzonder-resistente-micro-organismen-zkh" class="external-link">link</a>)</p></li>
</ul><p>Please suggest your own (country-specific) guidelines by letting us know: <a href="https://github.com/msberends/AMR/issues/new" class="external-link">https://github.com/msberends/AMR/issues/new</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="using-custom-guidelines">Using Custom Guidelines<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#using-custom-guidelines"></a></h2>
<p>Custom guidelines can be set with the <code>custom_mdro_guideline()</code> function. This is of great importance if you have custom rules to determine MDROs in your hospital, e.g., rules that are dependent on ward, state of contact isolation or other variables in your data.</p>
<p>If you are familiar with the <code><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/case_when.html" class="external-link">case_when()</a></code> function of the <code>dplyr</code> package, you will recognise the input method to set your own rules. Rules must be set using what <span style="R">R</span> considers to be the 'formula notation'. The rule is written <em>before</em> the tilde (<code>~</code>) and the consequence of the rule is written <em>after</em> the tilde:</p>
<p></p><div class="sourceCode"><pre><code><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>custom <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">custom_mdro_guideline</span>(CIP <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"R"</span> <span class="sc">&amp;</span> age <span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">60</span> <span class="sc">~</span> <span class="st">"Elderly Type A"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ERY <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"R"</span> <span class="sc">&amp;</span> age <span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">60</span> <span class="sc">~</span> <span class="st">"Elderly Type B"</span>)</span></code></pre><p></p></div>
<p>If a row/an isolate matches the first rule, the value after the first <code>~</code> (in this case <em>'Elderly Type A'</em>) will be set as MDRO value. Otherwise, the second rule will be tried and so on. The number of rules is unlimited.</p>
<p>You can print the rules set in the console for an overview. Colours will help reading it if your console supports colours.</p>
<p></p><div class="sourceCode"><pre><code><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>custom</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; A set of custom MDRO rules:</span></span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 1. CIP is "R" and age is higher than 60 -&gt; Elderly Type A</span></span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 2. ERY is "R" and age is higher than 60 -&gt; Elderly Type B</span></span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 3. Otherwise -&gt; Negative</span></span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Unmatched rows will return NA.</span></span></code></pre><p></p></div>
<p>The outcome of the function can be used for the <code>guideline</code> argument in the <code>mdro()</code> function:</p>
<p></p><div class="sourceCode"><pre><code><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">mdro</span>(example_isolates,</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">guideline =</span> custom)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">table</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Negative Elderly Type A Elderly Type B</span></span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 1070 198 732</span></span></code></pre><p></p></div>
<p>Rules can also be combined with other custom rules by using <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html" class="external-link">c()</a></code>:</p>
<p></p><div class="sourceCode"><pre><code><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">mdro</span>(example_isolates,</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">guideline =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(custom,</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">custom_mdro_guideline</span>(ERY <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="st">"R"</span> <span class="sc">&amp;</span> age <span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">50</span> <span class="sc">~</span> <span class="st">"Elderly Type C"</span>)))</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">table</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; Negative Elderly Type A Elderly Type B Elderly Type C</span></span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#&gt; 961 198 732 109</span></span></code></pre><p></p></div>
<p>The rules set (the <code>custom</code> object in this case) could be exported to a shared file location using <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/readRDS.html" class="external-link">saveRDS()</a></code> if you collaborate with multiple users. The custom rules set could then be imported using <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/readRDS.html" class="external-link">readRDS()</a></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="antibiotics">Antibiotics<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#antibiotics"></a></h2>
<p>To define antibiotics column names, leave as it is to determine it automatically with <code><a href="guess_ab_col.html">guess_ab_col()</a></code> or input a text (case-insensitive), or use <code>NULL</code> to skip a column (e.g. <code>TIC = NULL</code> to skip ticarcillin). Manually defined but non-existing columns will be skipped with a warning.</p>
<p>The following antibiotics are eligible for the functions <code><a href="eucast_rules.html">eucast_rules()</a></code> and <code>mdro()</code>. These are shown below in the format 'name (<code>antimicrobial ID</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc/structure_and_principles/" class="external-link">ATC code</a>)', sorted alphabetically:</p>
<p>Amikacin (<code>AMK</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">S01AE08</a>), amoxicillin (<code>AMX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA02</a>), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (<code>AMC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CR02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA23</a>), ampicillin (<code>AMP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA04</a>), ampicillin/sulbactam (<code>SAM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CR01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA08</a>), arbekacin (<code>ARB</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB12&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA19</a>), aspoxicillin (<code>APX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA19&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA16</a>), azidocillin (<code>AZD</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CE04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA15</a>), azithromycin (<code>AZM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA10&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA11</a>), azlocillin (<code>AZL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA09&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA12</a>), aztreonam (<code>ATM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DF01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA24</a>), bacampicillin (<code>BAM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA07</a>), bekanamycin (<code>BEK</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB13&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA14</a>), benzathine benzylpenicillin (<code>BNB</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CE08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">D10AF05</a>), benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin (<code>BNP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CE10&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA06</a>), benzylpenicillin (<code>PEN</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CE01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA01</a>), besifloxacin (<code>BES</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=S01AE08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA18</a>), biapenem (<code>BIA</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DH05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA03</a>), carbenicillin (<code>CRB</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA17</a>), carindacillin (<code>CRN</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA10</a>), cefacetrile (<code>CAC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB10&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA21</a>), cefaclor (<code>CEC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA09</a>), cefadroxil (<code>CFR</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA05</a>), cefaloridine (<code>RID</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">P01AA05</a>), cefamandole (<code>MAN</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA22</a>), cefatrizine (<code>CTZ</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MA13</a>), cefazedone (<code>CZD</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA01</a>), cefazolin (<code>CZO</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA04</a>), cefcapene (<code>CCP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD17&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA12</a>), cefdinir (<code>CDR</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD15&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CR05</a>), cefditoren (<code>DIT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD16&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA13</a>), cefepime (<code>FEP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DE01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01AA02</a>), cefetamet (<code>CAT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD10&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA10</a>), cefixime (<code>CFM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA09</a>), cefmenoxime (<code>CMX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CR02</a>), cefmetazole (<code>CMZ</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC09&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01AA08</a>), cefodizime (<code>DIZ</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD09&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA06</a>), cefonicid (<code>CID</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CF04</a>), cefoperazone (<code>CFP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD12&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CF05</a>), cefoperazone/sulbactam (<code>CSL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD62&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CR01</a>), ceforanide (<code>CND</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC11&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA19</a>), cefotaxime (<code>CTX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CE04</a>), cefotetan (<code>CTT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA09</a>), cefotiam (<code>CTF</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DF01</a>), cefoxitin (<code>FOX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA06</a>), cefozopran (<code>ZOP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DE03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CE08</a>), cefpiramide (<code>CPM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD11&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CE10</a>), cefpirome (<code>CPO</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DE02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CE01</a>), cefpodoxime (<code>CPD</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD13&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA03</a>), cefprozil (<code>CPR</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC10&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA05</a>), cefroxadine (<code>CRD</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB11&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CE07</a>), cefsulodin (<code>CFS</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CF02</a>), ceftaroline (<code>CPT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DI02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CF01</a>), ceftazidime (<code>CAZ</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA07</a>), ceftazidime/clavulanic acid (<code>CCV</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD52&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA18</a>), cefteram (<code>CEM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD18&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA11</a>), ceftezole (<code>CTL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB12&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA14</a>), ceftibuten (<code>CTB</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD14&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CF03</a>), ceftizoxime (<code>CZX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA10</a>), ceftobiprole medocaril (<code>CFM1</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DI01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CF06</a>), ceftolozane/enzyme inhibitor (<code>CEI</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DI54&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CE06</a>), ceftriaxone (<code>CRO</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CE05</a>), cefuroxime (<code>CXM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CE02</a>), cephalexin (<code>LEX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA02</a>), cephalothin (<code>CEP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA08</a>), cephapirin (<code>HAP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CE09</a>), cephradine (<code>CED</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DB09&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CE03</a>), chloramphenicol (<code>CHL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01BA01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CG01</a>), ciprofloxacin (<code>CIP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA16</a>), clarithromycin (<code>CLR</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA09&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CR04</a>), clindamycin (<code>CLI</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FF01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA15</a>), clometocillin (<code>CLM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CE07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CG02</a>), cloxacillin (<code>CLO</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CF02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CA17</a>), colistin (<code>COL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XB01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01CR03</a>), cycloserine (<code>CYC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J04AB01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB10</a>), dalbavancin (<code>DAL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XA04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC04</a>), daptomycin (<code>DAP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XX09&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB05</a>), delafloxacin (<code>DFX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA23&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB02</a>), dibekacin (<code>DKB</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB09&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC03</a>), dicloxacillin (<code>DIC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CF01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB07</a>), dirithromycin (<code>DIR</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA13&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB06</a>), doripenem (<code>DOR</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DH04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB04</a>), doxycycline (<code>DOX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01AA02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD17</a>), enoxacin (<code>ENX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD15</a>), epicillin (<code>EPC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD16</a>), ertapenem (<code>ETP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DH03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DE01</a>), erythromycin (<code>ERY</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD10</a>), fleroxacin (<code>FLE</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD08</a>), flucloxacillin (<code>FLC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CF05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD05</a>), flurithromycin (<code>FLR1</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA14&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC09</a>), fosfomycin (<code>FOS</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XX01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD09</a>), framycetin (<code>FRM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=D09AA01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC06</a>), fusidic acid (<code>FUS</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XC01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD12</a>), garenoxacin (<code>GRN</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA19&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD62</a>), gatifloxacin (<code>GAT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA16&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC11</a>), gemifloxacin (<code>GEM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA15&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD01</a>), gentamicin (<code>GEN</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC05</a>), grepafloxacin (<code>GRX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA11&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC07</a>), hetacillin (<code>HET</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA18&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC01</a>), imipenem (<code>IPM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DH51&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DE03</a>), isepamicin (<code>ISE</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB11&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD11</a>), josamycin (<code>JOS</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DE02</a>), kanamycin (<code>KAN</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD13</a>), latamoxef (<code>LTM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DD06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC10</a>), levofloxacin (<code>LVX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA12&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB11</a>), levonadifloxacin (<code>LND</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA24&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD03</a>), lincomycin (<code>LIN</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FF02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DI02</a>), linezolid (<code>LNZ</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XX08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD02</a>), lomefloxacin (<code>LOM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD52</a>), loracarbef (<code>LOR</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DC08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD18</a>), mecillinam (<code>MEC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA11&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB12</a>), meropenem (<code>MEM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DH02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD14</a>), meropenem/vaborbactam (<code>MEV</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01DH52&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD07</a>), metampicillin (<code>MTM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA14&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DI01</a>), methicillin (<code>MET</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CF03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DI54</a>), mezlocillin (<code>MEZ</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA10&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD04</a>), micronomicin (<code>MCR</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=S01AA22&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC02</a>), midecamycin (<code>MID</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB01</a>), minocycline (<code>MNO</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01AA08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB03</a>), miocamycin (<code>MCM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA11&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB08</a>), moxifloxacin (<code>MFX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA14&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DB09</a>), nadifloxacin (<code>NAD</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=D10AF05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DD06</a>), nafcillin (<code>NAF</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CF06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DC08</a>), nalidixic acid (<code>NAL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MB02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DH05</a>), neomycin (<code>NEO</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DH04</a>), netilmicin (<code>NET</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DH03</a>), nitrofurantoin (<code>NIT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XE01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DH51</a>), norfloxacin (<code>NOR</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DH02</a>), ofloxacin (<code>OFX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01DH52</a>), oleandomycin (<code>OLE</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XA02</a>), oritavancin (<code>ORI</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XA05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XA01</a>), oxacillin (<code>OXA</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CF04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XC01</a>), pazufloxacin (<code>PAZ</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA18&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA13</a>), pefloxacin (<code>PEF</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA01</a>), penamecillin (<code>PNM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CE06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA14</a>), phenethicillin (<code>PHE</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CE05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA07</a>), phenoxymethylpenicillin (<code>PHN</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CE02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA03</a>), piperacillin (<code>PIP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA12&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA11</a>), piperacillin/tazobactam (<code>TZP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CR05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA05</a>), pivampicillin (<code>PVM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA12</a>), pivmecillinam (<code>PME</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA16</a>), plazomicin (<code>PLZ</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB14&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA02</a>), polymyxin B (<code>PLB</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XB02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA15</a>), pristinamycin (<code>PRI</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FG01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FA08</a>), procaine benzylpenicillin (<code>PRB</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CE09&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FF02</a>), propicillin (<code>PRP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CE03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FG01</a>), prulifloxacin (<code>PRU</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA17&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FG02</a>), quinupristin/dalfopristin (<code>QDA</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FG02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J04AB02</a>), ribostamycin (<code>RST</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB10&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XX09</a>), rifampicin (<code>RIF</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J04AB02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XX08</a>), rokitamycin (<code>ROK</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA12&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01AA07</a>), roxithromycin (<code>RXT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XB01</a>), rufloxacin (<code>RFL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA10&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XB02</a>), sisomicin (<code>SIS</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XE01</a>), sitafloxacin (<code>SIT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA21&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01AA12</a>), solithromycin (<code>SOL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA16&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EA01</a>), sparfloxacin (<code>SPX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA09&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XX01</a>), spiramycin (<code>SPI</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01BA01</a>), streptoduocin (<code>STR</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GA02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB06</a>), streptomycin (<code>STR1</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GA01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB12</a>), sulbactam (<code>SUL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CG01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB13</a>), sulbenicillin (<code>SBC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA16&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB09</a>), sulfadiazine (<code>SDI</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EC02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">D09AA01</a>), sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (<code>SLT1</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EE02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB03</a>), sulfadimethoxine (<code>SUD</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01ED01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB11</a>), sulfadimidine (<code>SDM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EB03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB04</a>), sulfadimidine/trimethoprim (<code>SLT2</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EE05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">S01AA22</a>), sulfafurazole (<code>SLF</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EB05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB05</a>), sulfaisodimidine (<code>SLF1</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EB01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB07</a>), sulfalene (<code>SLF2</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01ED02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB14</a>), sulfamazone (<code>SZO</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01ED09&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB10</a>), sulfamerazine (<code>SLF3</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01ED07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB08</a>), sulfamerazine/trimethoprim (<code>SLT3</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EE07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GA02</a>), sulfamethizole (<code>SLF4</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EB02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GA01</a>), sulfamethoxazole (<code>SMX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EC01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01GB01</a>), sulfamethoxypyridazine (<code>SLF5</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01ED05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EE01</a>), sulfametomidine (<code>SLF6</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01ED03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01MB02</a>), sulfametoxydiazine (<code>SLF7</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01ED04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01FF01</a>), sulfametrole/trimethoprim (<code>SLT4</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EE03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XA04</a>), sulfamoxole (<code>SLF8</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EC03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XA05</a>), sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (<code>SLT5</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EE04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XA03</a>), sulfanilamide (<code>SLF9</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EB06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J04AB01</a>), sulfaperin (<code>SLF10</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01ED06&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01XX11</a>), sulfaphenazole (<code>SLF11</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01ED08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EC02</a>), sulfapyridine (<code>SLF12</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EB04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01ED01</a>), sulfathiazole (<code>SUT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EB07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EB03</a>), sulfathiourea (<code>SLF13</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EB08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EB05</a>), sultamicillin (<code>SLT6</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CR04&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EB01</a>), talampicillin (<code>TAL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA15&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01ED02</a>), tazobactam (<code>TAZ</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CG02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01ED09</a>), tedizolid (<code>TZD</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XX11&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01ED07</a>), teicoplanin (<code>TEC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XA02&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EB02</a>), telavancin (<code>TLV</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XA03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EC01</a>), telithromycin (<code>TLT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA15&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01ED05</a>), temafloxacin (<code>TMX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01ED03</a>), temocillin (<code>TEM</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA17&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01ED04</a>), tetracycline (<code>TCY</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01AA07&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EC03</a>), ticarcillin (<code>TIC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CA13&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EB06</a>), ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (<code>TCC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01CR03&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01ED06</a>), tigecycline (<code>TGC</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01AA12&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01ED08</a>), tilbroquinol (<code>TBQ</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=P01AA05&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EB04</a>), tobramycin (<code>TOB</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EB07</a>), tosufloxacin (<code>TFX</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA22&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EB08</a>), trimethoprim (<code>TMP</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EA01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EE02</a>), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (<code>SXT</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01EE01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EE05</a>), troleandomycin (<code>TRL</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01FA08&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EE07</a>), trovafloxacin (<code>TVA</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01MA13&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EE03</a>), vancomycin (<code>VAN</code>, <a href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01XA01&amp;showdescription=no" class="external-link">J01EE04</a>)</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="interpretation-of-r-and-s-i">Interpretation of R and S/I<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#interpretation-of-r-and-s-i"></a></h2>
<p>In 2019, the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) has decided to change the definitions of susceptibility testing categories R and S/I as shown below (<a href="https://www.eucast.org/newsiandr/" class="external-link">https://www.eucast.org/newsiandr/</a>).</p><ul><li><p><strong>R = Resistant</strong><br>
A microorganism is categorised as <em>Resistant</em> when there is a high likelihood of therapeutic failure even when there is increased exposure. Exposure is a function of how the mode of administration, dose, dosing interval, infusion time, as well as distribution and excretion of the antimicrobial agent will influence the infecting organism at the site of infection.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>S = Susceptible</strong><br>
A microorganism is categorised as <em>Susceptible, standard dosing regimen</em>, when there is a high likelihood of therapeutic success using a standard dosing regimen of the agent.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>I = Susceptible, Increased exposure</strong><br>
A microorganism is categorised as <em>Susceptible, Increased exposure</em> when there is a high likelihood of therapeutic success because exposure to the agent is increased by adjusting the dosing regimen or by its concentration at the site of infection.</p></li>
</ul><p>This AMR package honours this (new) insight. Use <code><a href="proportion.html">susceptibility()</a></code> (equal to <code><a href="proportion.html">proportion_SI()</a></code>) to determine antimicrobial susceptibility and <code><a href="count.html">count_susceptible()</a></code> (equal to <code><a href="count.html">count_SI()</a></code>) to count susceptible isolates.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="ref-examples">Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#ref-examples"></a></h2>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code><span class="r-in"><span><span class="va">out</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">mdro</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">example_isolates</span>, guideline <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"EUCAST"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> (16 isolates had no test results)</span>
<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/str.html" class="external-link">str</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">out</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> Ord.factor w/ 3 levels "Negative"&lt;"Positive, unconfirmed"&lt;..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...</span>
<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/table.html" class="external-link">table</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">out</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> out</span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> Negative Positive, unconfirmed Positive </span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> 1978 0 6 </span>
<span class="r-in"><span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span><span class="va">out</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">mdro</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">example_isolates</span>,</span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> guideline <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu">custom_mdro_guideline</span><span class="op">(</span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="va">AMX</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="st">"R"</span> <span class="op">~</span> <span class="st">"Custom MDRO 1"</span>,</span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="va">VAN</span> <span class="op">==</span> <span class="st">"R"</span> <span class="op">~</span> <span class="st">"Custom MDRO 2"</span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="op">)</span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/table.html" class="external-link">table</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">out</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> out</span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> Negative Custom MDRO 1 Custom MDRO 2 </span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> 870 804 326 </span>
<span class="r-in"><span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span><span class="co"># \donttest{</span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span><span class="kw">if</span> <span class="op">(</span><span class="kw"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html" class="external-link">require</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org" class="external-link">"dplyr"</a></span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="va">example_isolates</span> <span class="op"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html" class="external-link">%&gt;%</a></span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="fu">mdro</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html" class="external-link">%&gt;%</a></span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/table.html" class="external-link">table</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="co"># no need to define `x` when used inside dplyr verbs:</span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="va">example_isolates</span> <span class="op"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html" class="external-link">%&gt;%</a></span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/mutate.html" class="external-link">mutate</a></span><span class="op">(</span>MDRO <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fu">mdro</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html" class="external-link">%&gt;%</a></span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/pull.html" class="external-link">pull</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">MDRO</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op"><a href="https://magrittr.tidyverse.org/reference/pipe.html" class="external-link">%&gt;%</a></span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/table.html" class="external-link">table</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
<span class="r-in"><span><span class="op">}</span></span></span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> (16 isolates had no test results)</span>
<span class="r-wrn co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> <span class="warning">Warning: </span>in `mdro()`: NA introduced for isolates where the available percentage of</span>
<span class="r-wrn co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> antimicrobial classes was below 50% (set with `pct_required_classes`)</span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> (16 isolates had no test results)</span>
<span class="r-wrn co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> <span class="warning">Warning: </span>in `mdro()`: NA introduced for isolates where the available percentage of</span>
<span class="r-wrn co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> antimicrobial classes was below 50% (set with `pct_required_classes`)</span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> .</span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> Negative Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) </span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> 1601 128 </span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pandrug-resistant (PDR) </span>
<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#&gt;</span> 0 0 </span>
<span class="r-in"><span><span class="co"># }</span></span></span>
</code></pre></div>
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<p></p><p><code>AMR</code> (for R). Developed at the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.rug.nl" class="external-link">University of Groningen</a> in collaboration with non-profit organisations<br><a target="_blank" href="https://www.certe.nl" class="external-link">Certe Medical Diagnostics and Advice Foundation</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.umcg.nl" class="external-link">University Medical Center Groningen</a>.</p>
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