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# ==================================================================== #
# TITLE #
# Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Analysis #
# #
# SOURCE #
# https://gitlab.com/msberends/AMR #
# #
# LICENCE #
# (c) 2019 Berends MS (m.s.berends@umcg.nl), Luz CF (c.f.luz@umcg.nl) #
# #
# This R package is free software; you can freely use and distribute #
# it for both personal and commercial purposes under the terms of the #
# GNU General Public License version 2.0 (GNU GPL-2), as published by #
# the Free Software Foundation. #
# #
# This R package was created for academic research and was publicly #
# released in the hope that it will be useful, but it comes WITHOUT #
# ANY WARRANTY OR LIABILITY. #
# Visit our website for more info: https://msberends.gitlab.io/AMR. #
# ==================================================================== #
#' Determine first (weighted) isolates
#'
#' Determine first (weighted) isolates of all microorganisms of every patient per episode and (if needed) per specimen type.
#' @param x a \code{data.frame} containing isolates.
#' @param col_date column name of the result date (or date that is was received on the lab), defaults to the first column of with a date class
#' @param col_patient_id column name of the unique IDs of the patients, defaults to the first column that starts with 'patient' or 'patid' (case insensitive)
#' @param col_mo column name of the unique IDs of the microorganisms (see \code{\link{mo}}), defaults to the first column of class \code{mo}. Values will be coerced using \code{\link{as.mo}}.
#' @param col_testcode column name of the test codes. Use \code{col_testcode = NULL} to \strong{not} exclude certain test codes (like test codes for screening). In that case \code{testcodes_exclude} will be ignored.
#' @param col_specimen column name of the specimen type or group
#' @param col_icu column name of the logicals (\code{TRUE}/\code{FALSE}) whether a ward or department is an Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
#' @param col_keyantibiotics column name of the key antibiotics to determine first \emph{weighted} isolates, see \code{\link{key_antibiotics}}. Defaults to the first column that starts with 'key' followed by 'ab' or 'antibiotics' (case insensitive). Use \code{col_keyantibiotics = FALSE} to prevent this.
#' @param episode_days episode in days after which a genus/species combination will be determined as 'first isolate' again
#' @param testcodes_exclude character vector with test codes that should be excluded (case-insensitive)
#' @param icu_exclude logical whether ICU isolates should be excluded (rows with value \code{TRUE} in column \code{col_icu})
#' @param specimen_group value in column \code{col_specimen} to filter on
#' @param type type to determine weighed isolates; can be \code{"keyantibiotics"} or \code{"points"}, see Details
#' @param ignore_I logical to determine whether antibiotic interpretations with \code{"I"} will be ignored when \code{type = "keyantibiotics"}, see Details
#' @param points_threshold points until the comparison of key antibiotics will lead to inclusion of an isolate when \code{type = "points"}, see Details
#' @param info print progress
#' @param ... parameters passed on to the \code{first_isolate} function
#' @details \strong{WHY THIS IS SO IMPORTANT} \cr
#' To conduct an analysis of antimicrobial resistance, you should only include the first isolate of every patient per episode \href{https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17304462}{[1]}. If you would not do this, you could easily get an overestimate or underestimate of the resistance of an antibiotic. Imagine that a patient was admitted with an MRSA and that it was found in 5 different blood cultures the following week. The resistance percentage of oxacillin of all \emph{S. aureus} isolates would be overestimated, because you included this MRSA more than once. It would be \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias}{selection bias}.
#'
#' The functions \code{filter_first_isolate} and \code{filter_first_weighted_isolate} are helper functions to quickly filter on first isolates. The function \code{filter_first_isolate} is essentially equal to:
#' \preformatted{
#' x \%>\%
#' mutate(only_firsts = first_isolate(x, ...)) \%>\%
#' filter(only_firsts == TRUE) \%>\%
#' select(-only_firsts)
#' }
#' The function \code{filter_first_weighted_isolate} is essentially equal to:
#' \preformatted{
#' x \%>\%
#' mutate(keyab = key_antibiotics(.)) \%>\%
#' mutate(only_weighted_firsts = first_isolate(x,
#' col_keyantibiotics = "keyab", ...)) \%>\%
#' filter(only_weighted_firsts == TRUE) \%>\%
#' select(-only_weighted_firsts)
#' }
#' @section Key antibiotics:
#' There are two ways to determine whether isolates can be included as first \emph{weighted} isolates which will give generally the same results: \cr
#'
#' \strong{1. Using} \code{type = "keyantibiotics"} \strong{and parameter} \code{ignore_I} \cr
#' Any difference from S to R (or vice versa) will (re)select an isolate as a first weighted isolate. With \code{ignore_I = FALSE}, also differences from I to S|R (or vice versa) will lead to this. This is a reliable method and 30-35 times faster than method 2. Read more about this in the \code{\link{key_antibiotics}} function. \cr
#'
#' \strong{2. Using} \code{type = "points"} \strong{and parameter} \code{points_threshold} \cr
#' A difference from I to S|R (or vice versa) means 0.5 points, a difference from S to R (or vice versa) means 1 point. When the sum of points exceeds \code{points_threshold}, which default to \code{2}, an isolate will be (re)selected as a first weighted isolate.
#' @rdname first_isolate
#' @keywords isolate isolates first
#' @seealso \code{\link{key_antibiotics}}
#' @export
#' @importFrom dplyr arrange_at lag between row_number filter mutate arrange pull ungroup
#' @importFrom crayon blue bold silver
#' @return Logical vector
#' @source Methodology of this function is based on: \strong{M39 Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data, 4th Edition}, 2014, \emph{Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)}. \url{https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m39/}.
#' @inheritSection AMR Read more on our website!
#' @examples
#' # septic_patients is a dataset available in the AMR package. It is true, genuine data.
#' ?septic_patients
#'
#' library(dplyr)
#' # Filter on first isolates:
#' septic_patients %>%
#' mutate(first_isolate = first_isolate(.,
#' col_date = "date",
#' col_patient_id = "patient_id",
#' col_mo = "mo")) %>%
#' filter(first_isolate == TRUE)
#'
#' # Which can be shortened to:
#' septic_patients %>%
#' filter_first_isolate()
#' # or for first weighted isolates:
#' septic_patients %>%
#' filter_first_weighted_isolate()
#'
#' # Now let's see if first isolates matter:
#' A <- septic_patients %>%
#' group_by(hospital_id) %>%
#' summarise(count = n_rsi(GEN), # gentamicin availability
#' resistance = portion_IR(GEN)) # gentamicin resistance
#'
#' B <- septic_patients %>%
#' filter_first_weighted_isolate() %>% # the 1st isolate filter
#' group_by(hospital_id) %>%
#' summarise(count = n_rsi(GEN), # gentamicin availability
#' resistance = portion_IR(GEN)) # gentamicin resistance
#'
#' # Have a look at A and B.
#' # B is more reliable because every isolate is only counted once.
#' # Gentamicin resitance in hospital D appears to be 3.1% higher than
#' # when you (erroneously) would have used all isolates for analysis.
#'
#'
#' ## OTHER EXAMPLES:
#'
#' \dontrun{
#'
#' # set key antibiotics to a new variable
#' x$keyab <- key_antibiotics(x)
#'
#' x$first_isolate <-
#' first_isolate(x)
#'
#' x$first_isolate_weighed <-
#' first_isolate(x,
#' col_keyantibiotics = 'keyab')
#'
#' x$first_blood_isolate <-
#' first_isolate(x,
#' specimen_group = 'Blood')
#'
#' x$first_blood_isolate_weighed <-
#' first_isolate(x,
#' specimen_group = 'Blood',
#' col_keyantibiotics = 'keyab')
#'
#' x$first_urine_isolate <-
#' first_isolate(x,
#' specimen_group = 'Urine')
#'
#' x$first_urine_isolate_weighed <-
#' first_isolate(x,
#' specimen_group = 'Urine',
#' col_keyantibiotics = 'keyab')
#'
#' x$first_resp_isolate <-
#' first_isolate(x,
#' specimen_group = 'Respiratory')
#'
#' x$first_resp_isolate_weighed <-
#' first_isolate(x,
#' specimen_group = 'Respiratory',
#' col_keyantibiotics = 'keyab')
#' }
first_isolate <- function(x,
col_date = NULL,
col_patient_id = NULL,
col_mo = NULL,
col_testcode = NULL,
col_specimen = NULL,
col_icu = NULL,
col_keyantibiotics = NULL,
episode_days = 365,
testcodes_exclude = NULL,
icu_exclude = FALSE,
specimen_group = NULL,
type = "keyantibiotics",
ignore_I = TRUE,
points_threshold = 2,
info = TRUE,
...) {
if (!is.data.frame(x)) {
stop("`x` must be a data.frame.", call. = FALSE)
}
dots <- unlist(list(...))
if (length(dots) != 0) {
# backwards compatibility with old parameters
dots.names <- dots %>% names()
if ('filter_specimen' %in% dots.names) {
specimen_group <- dots[which(dots.names == 'filter_specimen')]
}
if ('tbl' %in% dots.names) {
x <- dots[which(dots.names == 'tbl')]
}
}
# try to find columns based on type
# -- mo
if (is.null(col_mo)) {
col_mo <- search_type_in_df(x = x, type = "mo")
}
if (is.null(col_mo)) {
stop("`col_mo` must be set.", call. = FALSE)
}
# -- date
if (is.null(col_date)) {
col_date <- search_type_in_df(x = x, type = "date")
}
if (is.null(col_date)) {
stop("`col_date` must be set.", call. = FALSE)
}
# convert to Date (pipes/pull for supporting tibbles too)
dates <- x %>% pull(col_date) %>% as.Date()
dates[is.na(dates)] <- as.Date("1970-01-01")
x[, col_date] <- dates
# -- patient id
if (is.null(col_patient_id)) {
if (all(c("First name", "Last name", "Sex", "Identification number") %in% colnames(x))) {
# WHONET support
x <- x %>% mutate(patient_id = paste(`First name`, `Last name`, Sex))
col_patient_id <- "patient_id"
message(blue(paste0("NOTE: Using combined columns ", bold("`First name`, `Last name` and `Sex`"), " as input for `col_patient_id`.")))
} else {
col_patient_id <- search_type_in_df(x = x, type = "patient_id")
}
}
if (is.null(col_patient_id)) {
stop("`col_patient_id` must be set.", call. = FALSE)
}
# -- key antibiotics
if (is.null(col_keyantibiotics)) {
col_keyantibiotics <- search_type_in_df(x = x, type = "keyantibiotics")
}
if (isFALSE(col_keyantibiotics)) {
col_keyantibiotics <- NULL
}
# -- specimen
if (is.null(col_specimen) & !is.null(specimen_group)) {
col_specimen <- search_type_in_df(x = x, type = "specimen")
}
if (isFALSE(col_specimen)) {
col_specimen <- NULL
}
# check if columns exist
check_columns_existance <- function(column, tblname = x) {
if (NROW(tblname) <= 1 | NCOL(tblname) <= 1) {
stop('Please check tbl for existance.')
}
if (!is.null(column)) {
if (!(column %in% colnames(tblname))) {
stop('Column `', column, '` not found.')
}
}
}
check_columns_existance(col_date)
check_columns_existance(col_patient_id)
check_columns_existance(col_mo)
check_columns_existance(col_testcode)
check_columns_existance(col_icu)
check_columns_existance(col_keyantibiotics)
# join to microorganisms data set
x <- x %>%
mutate_at(vars(col_mo), as.mo) %>%
left_join_microorganisms(by = col_mo) %>%
# empty species will lead to first = FALSE, so put in text there if genus is available
mutate(species = ifelse(!is.na(genus) & species == "", "species", species))
col_genus <- "genus"
col_species <- "species"
if (is.null(col_testcode)) {
testcodes_exclude <- NULL
}
# remove testcodes
if (!is.null(testcodes_exclude) & info == TRUE) {
cat('[Criterion] Excluded test codes:\n', toString(testcodes_exclude), '\n')
}
if (is.null(col_icu)) {
icu_exclude <- FALSE
} else {
x <- x %>%
mutate(col_icu = x %>% pull(col_icu) %>% as.logical())
}
if (is.null(col_specimen)) {
specimen_group <- NULL
}
# filter on specimen group and keyantibiotics when they are filled in
if (!is.null(specimen_group)) {
check_columns_existance(col_specimen, x)
if (info == TRUE) {
cat('[Criterion] Excluded other than specimen group \'', specimen_group, '\'\n', sep = '')
}
}
if (!is.null(col_keyantibiotics)) {
x <- x %>% mutate(key_ab = x %>% pull(col_keyantibiotics))
}
if (is.null(testcodes_exclude)) {
testcodes_exclude <- ''
}
# create new dataframe with original row index and right sorting
x <- x %>%
mutate(first_isolate_row_index = 1:nrow(x),
date_lab = x %>% pull(col_date),
patient_id = x %>% pull(col_patient_id),
species = x %>% pull(col_species),
genus = x %>% pull(col_genus)) %>%
mutate(species = if_else(is.na(species) | species == "(no MO)", "", species),
genus = if_else(is.na(genus) | genus == "(no MO)", "", genus))
if (is.null(specimen_group)) {
# not filtering on specimen
if (icu_exclude == FALSE) {
if (info == TRUE & !is.null(col_icu)) {
cat('[Criterion] Included isolates from ICU.\n')
}
x <- x %>%
arrange_at(c(col_patient_id,
col_genus,
col_species,
col_date))
row.start <- 1
row.end <- nrow(x)
} else {
if (info == TRUE) {
cat('[Criterion] Excluded isolates from ICU.\n')
}
x <- x %>%
arrange_at(c(col_icu,
col_patient_id,
col_genus,
col_species,
col_date))
suppressWarnings(
row.start <- which(x %>% pull(col_icu) == FALSE) %>% min(na.rm = TRUE)
)
suppressWarnings(
row.end <- which(x %>% pull(col_icu) == FALSE) %>% max(na.rm = TRUE)
)
}
} else {
# filtering on specimen and only analyse these row to save time
if (icu_exclude == FALSE) {
if (info == TRUE & !is.null(col_icu)) {
cat('[Criterion] Included isolates from ICU.\n')
}
x <- x %>%
arrange_at(c(col_specimen,
col_patient_id,
col_genus,
col_species,
col_date))
suppressWarnings(
row.start <- which(x %>% pull(col_specimen) == specimen_group) %>% min(na.rm = TRUE)
)
suppressWarnings(
row.end <- which(x %>% pull(col_specimen) == specimen_group) %>% max(na.rm = TRUE)
)
} else {
if (info == TRUE) {
cat('[Criterion] Excluded isolates from ICU.\n')
}
x <- x %>%
arrange_at(c(col_icu,
col_specimen,
col_patient_id,
col_genus,
col_species,
col_date))
suppressWarnings(
row.start <- which(x %>% pull(col_specimen) == specimen_group
& x %>% pull(col_icu) == FALSE) %>% min(na.rm = TRUE)
)
suppressWarnings(
row.end <- which(x %>% pull(col_specimen) == specimen_group
& x %>% pull(col_icu) == FALSE) %>% max(na.rm = TRUE)
)
}
}
if (abs(row.start) == Inf | abs(row.end) == Inf) {
if (info == TRUE) {
message(paste("=> Found", bold("no isolates")))
}
# NAs where genus is unavailable
return(x %>%
mutate(real_first_isolate = if_else(genus == '', NA, FALSE)) %>%
pull(real_first_isolate)
)
}
# suppress warnings because dplyr wants us to use library(dplyr) when using filter(row_number())
suppressWarnings(
scope.size <- x %>%
filter(
row_number() %>% between(row.start,
row.end),
genus != "",
species != "") %>%
nrow()
)
identify_new_year = function(x, episode_days) {
# I asked on StackOverflow:
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42122245/filter-one-row-every-year
if (length(x) == 1) {
return(TRUE)
}
indices <- integer(0)
start <- x[1]
ind <- 1
indices[ind] <- ind
for (i in 2:length(x)) {
if (isTRUE(as.numeric(x[i] - start) >= episode_days)) {
ind <- ind + 1
indices[ind] <- i
start <- x[i]
}
}
result <- rep(FALSE, length(x))
result[indices] <- TRUE
return(result)
}
# Analysis of first isolate ----
all_first <- x %>%
mutate(other_pat_or_mo = if_else(patient_id == lag(patient_id)
& genus == lag(genus)
& species == lag(species),
FALSE,
TRUE)) %>%
group_by_at(vars(patient_id,
genus,
species)) %>%
mutate(more_than_episode_ago = identify_new_year(x = date_lab,
episode_days = episode_days)) %>%
ungroup()
weighted.notice <- ''
if (!is.null(col_keyantibiotics)) {
weighted.notice <- 'weighted '
if (info == TRUE) {
if (type == 'keyantibiotics') {
cat('[Criterion] Inclusion based on key antibiotics, ')
if (ignore_I == FALSE) {
cat('not ')
}
cat('ignoring I.\n')
}
if (type == 'points') {
cat(paste0('[Criterion] Inclusion based on key antibiotics, using points threshold of '
, points_threshold, '.\n'))
}
}
type_param <- type
# suppress warnings because dplyr want us to use library(dplyr) when using filter(row_number())
suppressWarnings(
all_first <- all_first %>%
mutate(key_ab_lag = lag(key_ab)) %>%
mutate(key_ab_other = !key_antibiotics_equal(y = key_ab,
z = key_ab_lag,
type = type_param,
ignore_I = ignore_I,
points_threshold = points_threshold,
info = info)) %>%
mutate(
real_first_isolate =
if_else(
between(row_number(), row.start, row.end)
& genus != ""
& species != ""
& (other_pat_or_mo | more_than_episode_ago | key_ab_other),
TRUE,
FALSE))
)
} else {
# no key antibiotics
# suppress warnings because dplyr want us to use library(dplyr) when using filter(row_number())
suppressWarnings(
all_first <- all_first %>%
mutate(
real_first_isolate =
if_else(
between(row_number(), row.start, row.end)
& genus != ""
& species != ""
& (other_pat_or_mo | more_than_episode_ago),
TRUE,
FALSE))
)
}
# first one as TRUE
all_first[row.start, 'real_first_isolate'] <- TRUE
# no tests that should be included, or ICU
if (!is.null(col_testcode)) {
all_first[which(all_first[, col_testcode] %in% tolower(testcodes_exclude)), 'real_first_isolate'] <- FALSE
}
if (icu_exclude == TRUE) {
all_first[which(all_first[, col_icu] == TRUE), 'real_first_isolate'] <- FALSE
}
# NAs where genus is unavailable
all_first <- all_first %>%
mutate(real_first_isolate = if_else(genus %in% c('', '(no MO)', NA), NA, real_first_isolate))
all_first <- all_first %>%
arrange(first_isolate_row_index) %>%
pull(real_first_isolate)
if (info == TRUE) {
decimal.mark <- getOption("OutDec")
big.mark <- ifelse(decimal.mark != ",", ",", ".")
n_found <- base::sum(all_first, na.rm = TRUE)
p_found_total <- percent(n_found / nrow(x), force_zero = TRUE)
p_found_scope <- percent(n_found / scope.size, force_zero = TRUE)
# mark up number of found
n_found <- base::format(n_found, big.mark = big.mark, decimal.mark = decimal.mark)
if (p_found_total != p_found_scope) {
msg_txt <- paste0("=> Found ",
bold(paste0(n_found, " first ", weighted.notice, "isolates")),
" (", p_found_scope, " within scope and ", p_found_total, " of total)")
} else {
msg_txt <- paste0("=> Found ",
bold(paste0(n_found, " first ", weighted.notice, "isolates")),
" (", p_found_total, " of total)")
}
base::message(msg_txt)
}
all_first
}
#' @rdname first_isolate
#' @importFrom dplyr filter
#' @export
filter_first_isolate <- function(x,
col_date = NULL,
col_patient_id = NULL,
col_mo = NULL,
...) {
filter(x, first_isolate(x = x,
col_date = col_date,
col_patient_id = col_patient_id,
col_mo = col_mo,
...))
}
#' @rdname first_isolate
#' @importFrom dplyr %>% mutate filter
#' @export
filter_first_weighted_isolate <- function(x,
col_date = NULL,
col_patient_id = NULL,
col_mo = NULL,
col_keyantibiotics = NULL,
...) {
tbl_keyab <- x %>%
mutate(keyab = suppressMessages(key_antibiotics(.,
col_mo = col_mo,
...))) %>%
mutate(firsts = first_isolate(.,
col_date = col_date,
col_patient_id = col_patient_id,
col_mo = col_mo,
col_keyantibiotics = "keyab",
...))
x[which(tbl_keyab$firsts == TRUE),]
}
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