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<h1>PCA Biplot with <code>ggplot2</code></h1>
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<small class="dont-index">Source: <a href='https://github.com/msberends/AMR/blob/master/R/ggplot_pca.R'><code>R/ggplot_pca.R</code></a></small>
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<div class="hidden name"><code>ggplot_pca.Rd</code></div>
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<div class="ref-description">
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<p>Produces a <code>ggplot2</code> variant of a so-called <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplot'>biplot</a> for PCA (principal component analysis), but is more flexible and more appealing than the base <span style="R">R</span> <code><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/stats/biplot.html'>biplot()</a></code> function.</p>
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</div>
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<pre class="usage"><span class='fu'>ggplot_pca</span><span class='op'>(</span>
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<span class='va'>x</span>,
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choices <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>1</span><span class='op'>:</span><span class='fl'>2</span>,
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scale <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>1</span>,
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pc.biplot <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>TRUE</span>,
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labels <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>NULL</span>,
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labels_textsize <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>3</span>,
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labels_text_placement <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>1.5</span>,
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groups <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>NULL</span>,
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ellipse <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>TRUE</span>,
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ellipse_prob <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>0.68</span>,
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ellipse_size <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>0.5</span>,
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ellipse_alpha <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>0.5</span>,
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points_size <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>2</span>,
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points_alpha <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>0.25</span>,
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arrows <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>TRUE</span>,
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arrows_colour <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='st'>"darkblue"</span>,
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arrows_size <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>0.5</span>,
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arrows_textsize <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>3</span>,
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arrows_textangled <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>TRUE</span>,
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arrows_alpha <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>0.75</span>,
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base_textsize <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>10</span>,
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<span class='va'>...</span>
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<span class='op'>)</span></pre>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="arguments"><a class="anchor" href="#arguments"></a>Arguments</h2>
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<table class="ref-arguments">
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<colgroup><col class="name" /><col class="desc" /></colgroup>
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<tr>
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<th>x</th>
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<td><p>an object returned by <code><a href='pca.html'>pca()</a></code>, <code><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/stats/prcomp.html'>prcomp()</a></code> or <code><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/stats/princomp.html'>princomp()</a></code></p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>choices</th>
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<td><p>length 2 vector specifying the components to plot. Only the default
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is a biplot in the strict sense.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>scale</th>
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<td><p>The variables are scaled by <code>lambda ^ scale</code> and the
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observations are scaled by <code>lambda ^ (1-scale)</code> where
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<code>lambda</code> are the singular values as computed by
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<code><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/stats/princomp.html'>princomp</a></code>. Normally <code>0 <= scale <= 1</code>, and a warning
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will be issued if the specified <code>scale</code> is outside this range.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>pc.biplot</th>
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<td><p>If true, use what Gabriel (1971) refers to as a "principal component
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biplot", with <code>lambda = 1</code> and observations scaled up by sqrt(n) and
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variables scaled down by sqrt(n). Then inner products between
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variables approximate covariances and distances between observations
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approximate Mahalanobis distance.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>labels</th>
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<td><p>an optional vector of labels for the observations. If set, the labels will be placed below their respective points. When using the <code><a href='pca.html'>pca()</a></code> function as input for <code>x</code>, this will be determined automatically based on the attribute <code>non_numeric_cols</code>, see <code><a href='pca.html'>pca()</a></code>.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>labels_textsize</th>
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<td><p>the size of the text used for the labels</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>labels_text_placement</th>
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<td><p>adjustment factor the placement of the variable names (<code>>=1</code> means further away from the arrow head)</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>groups</th>
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<td><p>an optional vector of groups for the labels, with the same length as <code>labels</code>. If set, the points and labels will be coloured according to these groups. When using the <code><a href='pca.html'>pca()</a></code> function as input for <code>x</code>, this will be determined automatically based on the attribute <code>non_numeric_cols</code>, see <code><a href='pca.html'>pca()</a></code>.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>ellipse</th>
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<td><p>a logical to indicate whether a normal data ellipse should be drawn for each group (set with <code>groups</code>)</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>ellipse_prob</th>
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<td><p>statistical size of the ellipse in normal probability</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>ellipse_size</th>
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<td><p>the size of the ellipse line</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>ellipse_alpha</th>
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<td><p>the alpha (transparency) of the ellipse line</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>points_size</th>
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<td><p>the size of the points</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>points_alpha</th>
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<td><p>the alpha (transparency) of the points</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>arrows</th>
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<td><p>a logical to indicate whether arrows should be drawn</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>arrows_colour</th>
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<td><p>the colour of the arrow and their text</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>arrows_size</th>
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<td><p>the size (thickness) of the arrow lines</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>arrows_textsize</th>
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<td><p>the size of the text at the end of the arrows</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>arrows_textangled</th>
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<td><p>a logical whether the text at the end of the arrows should be angled</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>arrows_alpha</th>
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<td><p>the alpha (transparency) of the arrows and their text</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>base_textsize</th>
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<td><p>the text size for all plot elements except the labels and arrows</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>...</th>
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<td><p>arguments passed on to functions</p></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="source"><a class="anchor" href="#source"></a>Source</h2>
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<p>The <code>ggplot_pca()</code> function is based on the <code>ggbiplot()</code> function from the <code>ggbiplot</code> package by Vince Vu, as found on GitHub: <a href='https://github.com/vqv/ggbiplot'>https://github.com/vqv/ggbiplot</a> (retrieved: 2 March 2020, their latest commit: <a href='https://github.com/vqv/ggbiplot/commit/7325e880485bea4c07465a0304c470608fffb5d9'><code>7325e88</code></a>; 12 February 2015).</p>
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<p>As per their GPL-2 licence that demands documentation of code changes, the changes made based on the source code were:</p><ol>
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<li><p>Rewritten code to remove the dependency on packages <code>plyr</code>, <code>scales</code> and <code>grid</code></p></li>
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<li><p>Parametrised more options, like arrow and ellipse settings</p></li>
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<li><p>Hardened all input possibilities by defining the exact type of user input for every argument</p></li>
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<li><p>Added total amount of explained variance as a caption in the plot</p></li>
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<li><p>Cleaned all syntax based on the <code>lintr</code> package, fixed grammatical errors and added integrity checks</p></li>
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<li><p>Updated documentation</p></li>
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</ol>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="details"><a class="anchor" href="#details"></a>Details</h2>
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<p>The colours for labels and points can be changed by adding another scale layer for colour, such as <code><a href='https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/scale_viridis.html'>scale_colour_viridis_d()</a></code> and <code><a href='https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/scale_brewer.html'>scale_colour_brewer()</a></code>.</p>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="stable-lifecycle"><a class="anchor" href="#stable-lifecycle"></a>Stable Lifecycle</h2>
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<p><img src='figures/lifecycle_stable.svg' style=margin-bottom:5px /> <br />
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The <a href='lifecycle.html'>lifecycle</a> of this function is <strong>stable</strong>. In a stable function, major changes are unlikely. This means that the unlying code will generally evolve by adding new arguments; removing arguments or changing the meaning of existing arguments will be avoided.</p>
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<p>If the unlying code needs breaking changes, they will occur gradually. For example, a argument will be deprecated and first continue to work, but will emit an message informing you of the change. Next, typically after at least one newly released version on CRAN, the message will be transformed to an error.</p>
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<h2 class="hasAnchor" id="examples"><a class="anchor" href="#examples"></a>Examples</h2>
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<pre class="examples"><span class='co'># `example_isolates` is a data set available in the AMR package.</span>
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<span class='co'># See ?example_isolates.</span>
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<span class='co'># See ?pca for more info about Principal Component Analysis (PCA).</span>
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<span class='kw'>if</span> <span class='op'>(</span><span class='kw'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html'>require</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='st'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org'>"dplyr"</a></span><span class='op'>)</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>{</span>
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<span class='va'>pca_model</span> <span class='op'><-</span> <span class='va'>example_isolates</span> <span class='op'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/filter.html'>filter</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='fu'><a href='mo_property.html'>mo_genus</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>mo</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>==</span> <span class='st'>"Staphylococcus"</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/group_by.html'>group_by</a></span><span class='op'>(</span>species <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='mo_property.html'>mo_shortname</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>mo</span><span class='op'>)</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/summarise_all.html'>summarise_if</a></span> <span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>is.rsi</span>, <span class='va'>resistance</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>%>%</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='pca.html'>pca</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>FLC</span>, <span class='va'>AMC</span>, <span class='va'>CXM</span>, <span class='va'>GEN</span>, <span class='va'>TOB</span>, <span class='va'>TMP</span>, <span class='va'>SXT</span>, <span class='va'>CIP</span>, <span class='va'>TEC</span>, <span class='va'>TCY</span>, <span class='va'>ERY</span><span class='op'>)</span>
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<span class='co'># old (base R)</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/stats/biplot.html'>biplot</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>pca_model</span><span class='op'>)</span>
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<span class='co'># new </span>
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<span class='fu'>ggplot_pca</span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>pca_model</span><span class='op'>)</span>
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<span class='kw'>if</span> <span class='op'>(</span><span class='kw'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html'>require</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='st'><a href='https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org'>"ggplot2"</a></span><span class='op'>)</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>{</span>
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<span class='fu'>ggplot_pca</span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>pca_model</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>+</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/scale_viridis.html'>scale_colour_viridis_d</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>+</span>
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<span class='fu'><a href='https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/labs.html'>labs</a></span><span class='op'>(</span>title <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='st'>"Title here"</span><span class='op'>)</span>
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<span class='op'>}</span>
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<span class='op'>}</span>
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</pre>
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