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Resistance (AMR) and to work with microbial and antimicrobial properties by
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<a class="navbar-link" href="index.html">AMR (for R)</a>
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<span class="version label label-default" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Latest development version">0.7.1.9036</span>
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Conduct AMR analysis
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Determine multi-drug resistance (MDR)
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Import data from SPSS/SAS/Stata
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Apply EUCAST rules
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Other: benchmarks
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<div id="amr-for-r" class="section level1">
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<div class="page-header"><h1 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#amr-for-r" class="anchor"></a><code>AMR</code> (for R) <img src="./logo.png" align="right" height="120px">
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</h1></div>
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<p><em>(<help title="Too Long, Didn't Read">TLDR</help> - to find out how to conduct AMR analysis, please <a href="./articles/AMR.html">continue reading here to get started</a>.</em></p>
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<hr>
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<div id="what-is-amr-for-r" class="section level3">
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<h3 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#what-is-amr-for-r" class="anchor"></a>What is <code>AMR</code> (for R)?</h3>
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<p><code>AMR</code> is a free and open-source <a href="https://www.r-project.org">R package</a> to simplify the analysis and prediction of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and to work with microbial and antimicrobial properties by using evidence-based methods. Since its first public release in early 2018, this package has been downloaded over 20,000 times from more than 40 countries <small>(source: <a href="https://cran-logs.rstudio.com">CRAN logs, 2019</a>)</small>.</p>
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<p>After installing this package, R knows <a href="./reference/microorganisms.html"><strong>~70,000 microorganisms</strong></a> (distinct microbial species) and <a href="./reference/antibiotics.html"><strong>~450 antibiotics</strong></a> by name and code, and knows all about valid RSI and MIC values. It supports any data format, including WHONET/EARS-Net data.</p>
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<p>We created this package for both academic research and routine analysis at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, and the Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention (MMBI) department of the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG). This R package is <a href="./news">actively maintained</a> and is free software; you can freely use and distribute it for both personal and commercial (but <strong>not</strong> patent) purposes under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.0 (GPL-2), as published by the Free Software Foundation. Read the full license <a href="./LICENSE-text.html">here</a>.</p>
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<p><strong>Used to SPSS?</strong> Read our <a href="./articles/SPSS.html">tutorial on how to import data from SPSS, SAS or Stata</a>.</p>
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<div id="partners" class="section level4">
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<h4 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#partners" class="anchor"></a>Partners</h4>
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<p>The development of this package is part of, related to, or made possible by:</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.rug.nl"><img src="./logo_rug.png" class="partner_logo"></a> <a href="https://www.umcg.nl"><img src="./logo_umcg.png" class="partner_logo"></a> <a href="https://www.certe.nl"><img src="./logo_certe.png" class="partner_logo"></a> <a href="http://www.eurhealth-1health.eu"><img src="./logo_eh1h.png" class="partner_logo"></a> <a href="http://www.eurhealth-1health.eu"><img src="./logo_interreg.png" class="partner_logo"></a></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="what-can-you-do-with-this-package" class="section level3">
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<h3 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#what-can-you-do-with-this-package" class="anchor"></a>What can you do with this package?</h3>
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<p>This package can be used for:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Reference for the taxonomy of microorganisms, since the package contains all microbial (sub)species from the <a href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org">Catalogue of Life</a> (<a href="./reference/mo_property.html">manual</a>)</li>
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<li>Interpreting raw MIC and disk diffusion values, based on the latest CLSI or EUCAST guidelines (<a href="./reference/as.rsi.html">manual</a>)</li>
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<li>Determining first isolates to be used for AMR analysis (<a href="./reference/first_isolate.html">manual</a>)</li>
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<li>Calculating antimicrobial resistance (<a href="./articles/AMR.html">tutorial</a>)</li>
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<li>Determining multi-drug resistance (MDR) / multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) (<a href="./articles/MDR.html">tutorial</a>)</li>
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<li>Calculating (empirical) susceptibility of both mono therapy and combination therapies (<a href="./articles/AMR.html">tutorial</a>)</li>
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<li>Predicting future antimicrobial resistance using regression models (<a href="./articles/resistance_predict.html">tutorial</a>)</li>
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<li>Getting properties for any microorganism (like Gram stain, species, genus or family) (<a href="./reference/mo_property.html">manual</a>)</li>
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<li>Getting properties for any antibiotic (like name, EARS-Net code, ATC code, PubChem code, defined daily dose or trade name) (<a href="./reference/ab_property.html">manual</a>)</li>
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<li>Plotting antimicrobial resistance (<a href="./articles/AMR.html">tutorial</a>)</li>
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<li>Applying EUCAST expert rules (<a href="./reference/eucast_rules.html">manual</a>)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>This package is ready-to-use for a professional environment by specialists in the following fields:</p>
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<p>Medical Microbiology</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Epidemiologists (both clinical microbiological and research)</li>
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<li>Research Microbiologists</li>
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<li>Biomedical Researchers</li>
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<li>Research Pharmacologists</li>
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<li>Data Scientists / Data Analysts</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Veterinary Microbiology</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Research Veterinarians</li>
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<li>Veterinary Epidemiologists</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Microbial Ecology</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Soil Microbiologists</li>
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<li>Extremophile Researchers</li>
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<li>Astrobiologists</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Developers</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Package developers for R</li>
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<li>Software developers</li>
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<li>Web application / Shiny developers</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div id="get-this-package" class="section level3">
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<h3 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#get-this-package" class="anchor"></a>Get this package</h3>
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<div id="latest-released-version" class="section level4">
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<h4 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#latest-released-version" class="anchor"></a>Latest released version</h4>
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<p>This package is available <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=AMR">on the official R network (CRAN)</a>, which has a peer-reviewed submission process. Install this package in R with:</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb1-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/utils/topics/install.packages">install.packages</a></span>(<span class="st">"AMR"</span>)</a></code></pre></div>
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<p>It will be downloaded and installed automatically. For RStudio, click on the menu <em>Tools</em> > <em>Install Packages…</em> and then type in “AMR” and press <kbd>Install</kbd>.</p>
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<p><strong>Note:</strong> Not all functions on this website may be available in this latest release. To use all functions and data sets mentioned on this website, install the latest development version.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="latest-development-version" class="section level4">
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<h4 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#latest-development-version" class="anchor"></a>Latest development version</h4>
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<p>The latest and unpublished development version can be installed with (<strong>precaution: may be unstable</strong>):</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-1" data-line-number="1"><span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/utils/topics/install.packages">install.packages</a></span>(<span class="st">"devtools"</span>)</a>
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<a class="sourceLine" id="cb2-2" data-line-number="2">devtools<span class="op">::</span><span class="kw"><a href="https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/devtools/topics/reexports">install_gitlab</a></span>(<span class="st">"msberends/AMR"</span>)</a></code></pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="get-started" class="section level3">
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<h3 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#get-started" class="anchor"></a>Get started</h3>
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<p>To find out how to conduct AMR analysis, please <a href="./articles/AMR.html">continue reading here to get started</a> or click the links in the ‘How to’ menu.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="short-introduction" class="section level3">
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<h3 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#short-introduction" class="anchor"></a>Short introduction</h3>
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<div id="microbial-taxonomic-reference-data" class="section level4">
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<h4 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#microbial-taxonomic-reference-data" class="anchor"></a>Microbial (taxonomic) reference data</h4>
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<p><img src="reference/figures/logo_col.png"></p>
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<p>This package contains the complete taxonomic tree of almost all microorganisms from the authoritative and comprehensive Catalogue of Life (<a href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org">www.catalogueoflife.org</a>).</p>
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<p>Included are:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><p>All ~61,000 (sub)species from the kingdoms of Archaea, Bacteria, Chromista and Protozoa</p></li>
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<li>
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<p>All ~8,500 (sub)species from these orders of the kingdom of Fungi: Eurotiales, Microascales, Mucorales, Onygenales, Pneumocystales, Saccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetales and Tremellales.</p>
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<p>The kingdom of Fungi is a very large taxon with almost 300,000 different (sub)species, of which most are not microbial (but rather macroscopic, like mushrooms). Because of this, not all fungi fit the scope of this package and including everything would tremendously slow down our algorithms too. By only including the aforementioned taxonomic orders, the most relevant fungi are covered (like all species of <em>Aspergillus</em>, <em>Candida</em>, <em>Cryptococcus</em>, <em>Histoplasma</em>, <em>Pneumocystis</em>, <em>Saccharomyces</em> and <em>Trichophyton</em>).</p>
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</li>
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<li><p>All ~150 (sub)species from ~100 other relevant genera from the kingdom of Animalia (like <em>Strongyloides</em> and <em>Taenia</em>)</p></li>
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<li><p>All ~23,000 previously accepted names of all included (sub)species (these were taxonomically renamed)</p></li>
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<li><p>The responsible author(s) and year of scientific publication</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>This data is updated annually - check the included version with <code><a href="reference/catalogue_of_life_version.html">catalogue_of_life_version()</a></code>.</p>
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<p><strong>About the Catalogue of Life</strong></p>
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<p>The <a href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org">Catalogue of Life</a> is the most comprehensive and authoritative global index of species currently available. It holds essential information on the names, relationships and distributions of over 1.6 million species. The Catalogue of Life is used to support the major biodiversity and conservation information services such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Encyclopedia of Life (EoL) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. It is recognised by the Convention on Biological Diversity as a significant component of the Global Taxonomy Initiative and a contribution to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.</p>
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<p>Read more about the data from the Catalogue of Life <a href="./reference/catalogue_of_life.html">in our manual</a>.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="antimicrobial-reference-data" class="section level4">
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<h4 class="hasAnchor">
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<a href="#antimicrobial-reference-data" class="anchor"></a>Antimicrobial reference data</h4>
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<div>
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<img src="reference/figures/logo_who.png" height="75px" class="logo_img"><p class="logo_txt">WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology</p>
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</div>
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<p>This package contains <strong>all ~450 antimicrobial drugs</strong> and their Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) codes, ATC groups and Defined Daily Dose (DDD, oral and IV) from the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC, <a href="https://www.whocc.no" class="uri">https://www.whocc.no</a>) and the <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/atc.htm">Pharmaceuticals Community Register of the European Commission</a>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>NOTE: The WHOCC copyright does not allow use for commercial purposes, unlike any other info from this package. See <a href="https://www.whocc.no/copyright_disclaimer/" class="uri">https://www.whocc.no/copyright_disclaimer/</a>.</strong></p>
|
||
<p>Read more about the data from WHOCC <a href="./reference/WHOCC.html">in our manual</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="whonet-ears-net" class="section level4">
|
||
<h4 class="hasAnchor">
|
||
<a href="#whonet-ears-net" class="anchor"></a>WHONET / EARS-Net</h4>
|
||
<p><img src="./whonet.png"></p>
|
||
<p>We support WHONET and EARS-Net data. Exported files from WHONET can be imported into R and can be analysed easily using this package. For education purposes, we created an <a href="./reference/WHONET.html">example data set <code>WHONET</code></a> with the exact same structure as a WHONET export file. Furthermore, this package also contains a <a href="./reference/antibiotics.html">data set <code>antibiotics</code></a> with all EARS-Net antibiotic abbreviations, and knows almost all WHONET abbreviations for microorganisms. When using WHONET data as input for analysis, all input parameters will be set automatically.</p>
|
||
<p>Read our tutorial about <a href="./articles/WHONET.html">how to work with WHONET data here</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="overview-of-functions" class="section level4">
|
||
<h4 class="hasAnchor">
|
||
<a href="#overview-of-functions" class="anchor"></a>Overview of functions</h4>
|
||
<p>The <code>AMR</code> package basically does four important things:</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>It <strong>cleanses existing data</strong> by providing new <em>classes</em> for microoganisms, antibiotics and antimicrobial results (both S/I/R and MIC). By installing this package, you teach R everything about microbiology that is needed for analysis. These functions all use intelligent rules to guess results that you would expect:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Use <code><a href="reference/as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code> to get a microbial ID. The IDs are human readable for the trained eye - the ID of <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> is “B_KLBSL_PNE” (B stands for Bacteria) and the ID of <em>S. aureus</em> is “B_STPHY_AUR”. The function takes almost any text as input that looks like the name or code of a microorganism like “E. coli”, “esco” or “esccol” and tries to find expected results using intelligent rules combined with the included Catalogue of Life data set. It only takes milliseconds to find results, please see our <a href="./articles/benchmarks.html">benchmarks</a>. Moreover, it can group <em>Staphylococci</em> into coagulase negative and positive (CoNS and CoPS, see <a href="./reference/as.mo.html#source">source</a>) and can categorise <em>Streptococci</em> into Lancefield groups (like beta-haemolytic <em>Streptococcus</em> Group B, <a href="./reference/as.mo.html#source">source</a>).</li>
|
||
<li>Use <code><a href="reference/as.ab.html">as.ab()</a></code> to get an antibiotic ID. Like microbial IDs, these IDs are also human readable based on those used by EARS-Net. For example, the ID of amoxicillin is <code>AMX</code> and the ID of gentamicin is <code>GEN</code>. The <code><a href="reference/as.ab.html">as.ab()</a></code> function also uses intelligent rules to find results like accepting misspelling, trade names and abbrevations used in many laboratory systems. For instance, the values “Furabid”, “Furadantin”, “nitro” all return the ID of Nitrofurantoine. To accomplish this, the package contains a database with most LIS codes, official names, trade names, ATC codes, defined daily doses (DDD) and drug categories of antibiotics.</li>
|
||
<li>Use <code><a href="reference/as.rsi.html">as.rsi()</a></code> to get antibiotic interpretations based on raw MIC values (in mg/L) or disk diffusion values (in mm), or transform existing values to valid antimicrobial results. It produces just S, I or R based on your input and warns about invalid values. Even values like “<=0.002; S” (combined MIC/RSI) will result in “S”.</li>
|
||
<li>Use <code><a href="reference/as.mic.html">as.mic()</a></code> to cleanse your MIC values. It produces a so-called factor (called <em>ordinal</em> in SPSS) with valid MIC values as levels. A value like “<=0.002; S” (combined MIC/RSI) will result in “<=0.002”.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>It <strong>enhances existing data</strong> and <strong>adds new data</strong> from data sets included in this package.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Use <code><a href="reference/eucast_rules.html">eucast_rules()</a></code> to apply <a href="http://www.eucast.org/expert_rules_and_intrinsic_resistance/">EUCAST expert rules to isolates</a> (not the translation from MIC to RSI values, use <code><a href="reference/as.rsi.html">as.rsi()</a></code> for that).</li>
|
||
<li>Use <code><a href="reference/first_isolate.html">first_isolate()</a></code> to identify the first isolates of every patient <a href="https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m39/">using guidelines from the CLSI</a> (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute).
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>You can also identify first <em>weighted</em> isolates of every patient, an adjusted version of the CLSI guideline. This takes into account key antibiotics of every strain and compares them.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Use <code><a href="reference/mdro.html">mdro()</a></code> (abbreviation of Multi Drug Resistant Organisms) to check your isolates for exceptional resistance with country-specific guidelines or EUCAST rules. Currently, national guidelines for Germany and the Netherlands are supported.</li>
|
||
<li>The <a href="./reference/microorganisms.html">data set <code>microorganisms</code></a> contains the complete taxonomic tree of ~70,000 microorganisms. Furthermore, some colloquial names and all Gram stains are available, which enables resistance analysis of e.g. different antibiotics per Gram stain. The package also contains functions to look up values in this data set like <code><a href="reference/mo_property.html">mo_genus()</a></code>, <code><a href="reference/mo_property.html">mo_family()</a></code>, <code><a href="reference/mo_property.html">mo_gramstain()</a></code> or even <code><a href="reference/mo_property.html">mo_phylum()</a></code>. As they use <code><a href="reference/as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code> internally, they also use the same intelligent rules for determination. For example, <code><a href="reference/mo_property.html">mo_genus("MRSA")</a></code> and <code><a href="reference/mo_property.html">mo_genus("S. aureus")</a></code> will both return <code>"Staphylococcus"</code>. They also come with support for German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, French and Portuguese. These functions can be used to add new variables to your data.</li>
|
||
<li>The <a href="./reference/antibiotics.html">data set <code>antibiotics</code></a> contains ~450 antimicrobial drugs with their EARS-Net code, ATC code, PubChem compound ID, official name, common LIS codes and DDDs of both oral and parenteral administration. It also contains all (thousands of) trade names found in PubChem. The function <code><a href="reference/ab_property.html">ab_atc()</a></code> will return the ATC code of an antibiotic as defined by the WHO. Use functions like <code><a href="reference/ab_property.html">ab_name()</a></code>, <code><a href="reference/ab_property.html">ab_group()</a></code> and <code><a href="reference/ab_property.html">ab_tradenames()</a></code> to look up values. The <code>ab_*</code> functions use <code><a href="reference/as.ab.html">as.ab()</a></code> internally so they support the same intelligent rules to guess the most probable result. For example, <code><a href="reference/ab_property.html">ab_name("Fluclox")</a></code>, <code><a href="reference/ab_property.html">ab_name("Floxapen")</a></code> and <code><a href="reference/ab_property.html">ab_name("J01CF05")</a></code> will all return <code>"Flucloxacillin"</code>. These functions can again be used to add new variables to your data.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>It <strong>analyses the data</strong> with convenient functions that use well-known methods.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Calculate the resistance (and even co-resistance) of microbial isolates with the <code><a href="reference/portion.html">portion_R()</a></code>, <code><a href="reference/portion.html">portion_IR()</a></code>, <code><a href="reference/portion.html">portion_I()</a></code>, <code><a href="reference/portion.html">portion_SI()</a></code> and <code><a href="reference/portion.html">portion_S()</a></code> functions. Similarly, the <em>number</em> of isolates can be determined with the <code><a href="reference/count.html">count_R()</a></code>, <code><a href="reference/count.html">count_IR()</a></code>, <code><a href="reference/count.html">count_I()</a></code>, <code><a href="reference/count.html">count_SI()</a></code> and <code><a href="reference/count.html">count_S()</a></code> functions. All these functions can be used with the <code>dplyr</code> package (e.g. in conjunction with <code>summarise()</code>)</li>
|
||
<li>Plot AMR results with <code><a href="reference/ggplot_rsi.html">geom_rsi()</a></code>, a function made for the <code>ggplot2</code> package</li>
|
||
<li>Predict antimicrobial resistance for the nextcoming years using logistic regression models with the <code><a href="reference/resistance_predict.html">resistance_predict()</a></code> function</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>It <strong>teaches the user</strong> how to use all the above actions.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Aside from this website with many tutorials, the package itself contains extensive help pages with many examples for all functions.</li>
|
||
<li>The package also contains example data sets:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The <a href="./reference/septic_patients.html"><code>septic_patients</code> data set</a>. This data set contains:
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>2,000 blood culture isolates from anonymised septic patients between 2001 and 2017 in the Northern Netherlands</li>
|
||
<li>Results of 40 antibiotics (each antibiotic in its own column) with a total ~40,000 antimicrobial results</li>
|
||
<li>Real and genuine data</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>The <a href="./reference/WHONET.html"><code>WHONET</code> data set</a>. This data set only contains fake data, but with the exact same structure as files exported by WHONET. Read more about WHONET <a href="./articles/WHONET.html">on its tutorial page</a>.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="col-md-3 hidden-xs hidden-sm" id="sidebar">
|
||
<div class="links">
|
||
<h2>Links</h2>
|
||
<ul class="list-unstyled">
|
||
<li>Download from CRAN at <br><a href="https://cloud.r-project.org/package=AMR">https://cloud.r-project.org/package=AMR</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>Report a bug at <br><a href="https://gitlab.com/msberends/AMR/issues">https://gitlab.com/msberends/AMR/issues</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="license">
|
||
<h2>License</h2>
|
||
<ul class="list-unstyled">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://www.r-project.org/Licenses/GPL-2">GPL-2</a> | file <a href="LICENSE-text.html">LICENSE</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="developers">
|
||
<h2>Developers</h2>
|
||
<ul class="list-unstyled">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/m.s.berends/">Matthijs S. Berends</a> <br><small class="roles"> Author, maintainer </small> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7620-1800" target="orcid.widget"><img src="https://members.orcid.org/sites/default/files/vector_iD_icon.svg" class="orcid" alt="ORCID" height="16"></a> </li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.f.luz/">Christian F. Luz</a> <br><small class="roles"> Author </small> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5809-5995" target="orcid.widget"><img src="https://members.orcid.org/sites/default/files/vector_iD_icon.svg" class="orcid" alt="ORCID" height="16"></a> </li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.glasner/">Corinna Glasner</a> <br><small class="roles"> Author, thesis advisor </small> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1241-1328" target="orcid.widget"><img src="https://members.orcid.org/sites/default/files/vector_iD_icon.svg" class="orcid" alt="ORCID" height="16"></a> </li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.w.friedrich/">Alex W. Friedrich</a> <br><small class="roles"> Author, thesis advisor </small> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4881-038X" target="orcid.widget"><img src="https://members.orcid.org/sites/default/files/vector_iD_icon.svg" class="orcid" alt="ORCID" height="16"></a> </li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/b.sinha/">Bhanu N. M. Sinha</a> <br><small class="roles"> Author, thesis advisor </small> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-0010" target="orcid.widget"><img src="https://members.orcid.org/sites/default/files/vector_iD_icon.svg" class="orcid" alt="ORCID" height="16"></a> </li>
|
||
<li><a href="authors.html">All authors...</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
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|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<footer><div class="copyright">
|
||
<p>Developed by <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/m.s.berends/">Matthijs S. Berends</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.f.luz/">Christian F. Luz</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/c.glasner/">Corinna Glasner</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.w.friedrich/">Alex W. Friedrich</a>, <a href="https://www.rug.nl/staff/b.sinha/">Bhanu N. M. Sinha</a>.</p>
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