672 lines
21 KiB
Perl
672 lines
21 KiB
Perl
package LWP;
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our $VERSION = '6.36';
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require LWP::UserAgent; # this should load everything you need
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sub Version { $VERSION; }
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1;
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__END__
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=pod
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=encoding utf-8
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=head1 NAME
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LWP - The World-Wide Web library for Perl
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=head1 SYNOPSIS
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use LWP;
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print "This is libwww-perl-$LWP::VERSION\n";
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=head1 DESCRIPTION
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The libwww-perl collection is a set of Perl modules which provides a
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simple and consistent application programming interface (API) to the
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World-Wide Web. The main focus of the library is to provide classes
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and functions that allow you to write WWW clients. The library also
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contain modules that are of more general use and even classes that
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help you implement simple HTTP servers.
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Most modules in this library provide an object oriented API. The user
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agent, requests sent and responses received from the WWW server are
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all represented by objects. This makes a simple and powerful
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interface to these services. The interface is easy to extend
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and customize for your own needs.
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The main features of the library are:
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=over 3
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=item *
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Contains various reusable components (modules) that can be
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used separately or together.
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=item *
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Provides an object oriented model of HTTP-style communication. Within
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this framework we currently support access to C<http>, C<https>, C<gopher>,
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C<ftp>, C<news>, C<file>, and C<mailto> resources.
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=item *
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Provides a full object oriented interface or
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a very simple procedural interface.
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=item *
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Supports the basic and digest authorization schemes.
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=item *
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Supports transparent redirect handling.
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=item *
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Supports access through proxy servers.
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=item *
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Provides parser for F<robots.txt> files and a framework for constructing robots.
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=item *
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Supports parsing of HTML forms.
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=item *
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Implements HTTP content negotiation algorithm that can
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be used both in protocol modules and in server scripts (like CGI
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scripts).
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=item *
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Supports HTTP cookies.
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=item *
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Some simple command line clients, for instance C<lwp-request> and C<lwp-download>.
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=back
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=head1 HTTP STYLE COMMUNICATION
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The libwww-perl library is based on HTTP style communication. This
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section tries to describe what that means.
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Let us start with this quote from the HTTP specification document
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<URL:http://www.w3.org/Protocols/>:
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=over 3
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=item *
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The HTTP protocol is based on a request/response paradigm. A client
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establishes a connection with a server and sends a request to the
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server in the form of a request method, URI, and protocol version,
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followed by a MIME-like message containing request modifiers, client
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information, and possible body content. The server responds with a
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status line, including the message's protocol version and a success or
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error code, followed by a MIME-like message containing server
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information, entity meta-information, and possible body content.
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=back
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What this means to libwww-perl is that communication always take place
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through these steps: First a I<request> object is created and
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configured. This object is then passed to a server and we get a
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I<response> object in return that we can examine. A request is always
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independent of any previous requests, i.e. the service is stateless.
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The same simple model is used for any kind of service we want to
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access.
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For example, if we want to fetch a document from a remote file server,
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then we send it a request that contains a name for that document and
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the response will contain the document itself. If we access a search
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engine, then the content of the request will contain the query
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parameters and the response will contain the query result. If we want
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to send a mail message to somebody then we send a request object which
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contains our message to the mail server and the response object will
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contain an acknowledgment that tells us that the message has been
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accepted and will be forwarded to the recipient(s).
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It is as simple as that!
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=head2 The Request Object
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The libwww-perl request object has the class name L<HTTP::Request>.
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The fact that the class name uses C<HTTP::> as a
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prefix only implies that we use the HTTP model of communication. It
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does not limit the kind of services we can try to pass this I<request>
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to. For instance, we will send L<HTTP::Request>s both to ftp and
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gopher servers, as well as to the local file system.
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The main attributes of the request objects are:
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=over 3
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=item *
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B<method> is a short string that tells what kind of
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request this is. The most common methods are B<GET>, B<PUT>,
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B<POST> and B<HEAD>.
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=item *
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B<uri> is a string denoting the protocol, server and
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the name of the "document" we want to access. The B<uri> might
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also encode various other parameters.
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=item *
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B<headers> contains additional information about the
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request and can also used to describe the content. The headers
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are a set of keyword/value pairs.
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=item *
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B<content> is an arbitrary amount of data.
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=back
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=head2 The Response Object
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The libwww-perl response object has the class name L<HTTP::Response>.
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The main attributes of objects of this class are:
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=over 3
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=item *
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B<code> is a numerical value that indicates the overall
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outcome of the request.
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=item *
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B<message> is a short, human readable string that
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corresponds to the I<code>.
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=item *
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B<headers> contains additional information about the
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response and describe the content.
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=item *
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B<content> is an arbitrary amount of data.
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=back
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Since we don't want to handle all possible I<code> values directly in
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our programs, a libwww-perl response object has methods that can be
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used to query what kind of response this is. The most commonly used
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response classification methods are:
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=over 3
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=item is_success()
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The request was successfully received, understood or accepted.
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=item is_error()
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The request failed. The server or the resource might not be
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available, access to the resource might be denied or other things might
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have failed for some reason.
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=back
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=head2 The User Agent
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Let us assume that we have created a I<request> object. What do we
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actually do with it in order to receive a I<response>?
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The answer is that you pass it to a I<user agent> object and this
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object takes care of all the things that need to be done
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(like low-level communication and error handling) and returns
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a I<response> object. The user agent represents your
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application on the network and provides you with an interface that
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can accept I<requests> and return I<responses>.
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The user agent is an interface layer between
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your application code and the network. Through this interface you are
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able to access the various servers on the network.
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The class name for the user agent is L<LWP::UserAgent>. Every
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libwww-perl application that wants to communicate should create at
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least one object of this class. The main method provided by this
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object is request(). This method takes an L<HTTP::Request> object as
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argument and (eventually) returns a L<HTTP::Response> object.
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The user agent has many other attributes that let you
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configure how it will interact with the network and with your
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application.
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=over 3
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=item *
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B<timeout> specifies how much time we give remote servers to
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respond before the library disconnects and creates an
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internal I<timeout> response.
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=item *
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B<agent> specifies the name that your application uses when it
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presents itself on the network.
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=item *
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B<from> can be set to the e-mail address of the person
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responsible for running the application. If this is set, then the
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address will be sent to the servers with every request.
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=item *
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B<parse_head> specifies whether we should initialize response
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headers from the E<lt>head> section of HTML documents.
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=item *
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B<proxy> and B<no_proxy> specify if and when to go through
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a proxy server. <URL:http://www.w3.org/History/1994/WWW/Proxies/>
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=item *
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B<credentials> provides a way to set up user names and
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passwords needed to access certain services.
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=back
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Many applications want even more control over how they interact
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with the network and they get this by sub-classing
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L<LWP::UserAgent>. The library includes a
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sub-class, L<LWP::RobotUA>, for robot applications.
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=head2 An Example
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This example shows how the user agent, a request and a response are
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represented in actual perl code:
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# Create a user agent object
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use LWP::UserAgent;
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my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new;
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$ua->agent("MyApp/0.1 ");
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# Create a request
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my $req = HTTP::Request->new(POST => 'http://search.cpan.org/search');
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$req->content_type('application/x-www-form-urlencoded');
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$req->content('query=libwww-perl&mode=dist');
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# Pass request to the user agent and get a response back
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my $res = $ua->request($req);
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# Check the outcome of the response
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if ($res->is_success) {
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print $res->content;
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}
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else {
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print $res->status_line, "\n";
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}
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The $ua is created once when the application starts up. New request
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objects should normally created for each request sent.
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=head1 NETWORK SUPPORT
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This section discusses the various protocol schemes and
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the HTTP style methods that headers may be used for each.
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For all requests, a "User-Agent" header is added and initialized from
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the $ua->agent attribute before the request is handed to the network
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layer. In the same way, a "From" header is initialized from the
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$ua->from attribute.
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For all responses, the library adds a header called "Client-Date".
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This header holds the time when the response was received by
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your application. The format and semantics of the header are the
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same as the server created "Date" header. You may also encounter other
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"Client-XXX" headers. They are all generated by the library
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internally and are not received from the servers.
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=head2 HTTP Requests
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HTTP requests are just handed off to an HTTP server and it
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decides what happens. Few servers implement methods beside the usual
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"GET", "HEAD", "POST" and "PUT", but CGI-scripts may implement
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any method they like.
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If the server is not available then the library will generate an
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internal error response.
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The library automatically adds a "Host" and a "Content-Length" header
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to the HTTP request before it is sent over the network.
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For a GET request you might want to add a "If-Modified-Since" or
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"If-None-Match" header to make the request conditional.
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For a POST request you should add the "Content-Type" header. When you
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try to emulate HTML E<lt>FORM> handling you should usually let the value
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of the "Content-Type" header be "application/x-www-form-urlencoded".
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See L<lwpcook> for examples of this.
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The libwww-perl HTTP implementation currently support the HTTP/1.1
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and HTTP/1.0 protocol.
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The library allows you to access proxy server through HTTP. This
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means that you can set up the library to forward all types of request
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through the HTTP protocol module. See L<LWP::UserAgent> for
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documentation of this.
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=head2 HTTPS Requests
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HTTPS requests are HTTP requests over an encrypted network connection
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using the SSL protocol developed by Netscape. Everything about HTTP
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requests above also apply to HTTPS requests. In addition the library
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will add the headers "Client-SSL-Cipher", "Client-SSL-Cert-Subject" and
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"Client-SSL-Cert-Issuer" to the response. These headers denote the
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encryption method used and the name of the server owner.
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The request can contain the header "If-SSL-Cert-Subject" in order to
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make the request conditional on the content of the server certificate.
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If the certificate subject does not match, no request is sent to the
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server and an internally generated error response is returned. The
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value of the "If-SSL-Cert-Subject" header is interpreted as a Perl
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regular expression.
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=head2 FTP Requests
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The library currently supports GET, HEAD and PUT requests. GET
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retrieves a file or a directory listing from an FTP server. PUT
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stores a file on a ftp server.
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You can specify a ftp account for servers that want this in addition
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to user name and password. This is specified by including an "Account"
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header in the request.
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User name/password can be specified using basic authorization or be
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encoded in the URL. Failed logins return an UNAUTHORIZED response with
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"WWW-Authenticate: Basic" and can be treated like basic authorization
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for HTTP.
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The library supports ftp ASCII transfer mode by specifying the "type=a"
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parameter in the URL. It also supports transfer of ranges for FTP transfers
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using the "Range" header.
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Directory listings are by default returned unprocessed (as returned
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from the ftp server) with the content media type reported to be
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"text/ftp-dir-listing". The L<File::Listing> module provides methods
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for parsing of these directory listing.
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The ftp module is also able to convert directory listings to HTML and
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this can be requested via the standard HTTP content negotiation
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mechanisms (add an "Accept: text/html" header in the request if you
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want this).
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For normal file retrievals, the "Content-Type" is guessed based on the
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file name suffix. See L<LWP::MediaTypes>.
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The "If-Modified-Since" request header works for servers that implement
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the C<MDTM> command. It will probably not work for directory listings though.
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Example:
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$req = HTTP::Request->new(GET => 'ftp://me:passwd@ftp.some.where.com/');
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$req->header(Accept => "text/html, */*;q=0.1");
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=head2 News Requests
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Access to the USENET News system is implemented through the NNTP
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protocol. The name of the news server is obtained from the
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NNTP_SERVER environment variable and defaults to "news". It is not
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possible to specify the hostname of the NNTP server in news: URLs.
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The library supports GET and HEAD to retrieve news articles through the
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NNTP protocol. You can also post articles to newsgroups by using
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(surprise!) the POST method.
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GET on newsgroups is not implemented yet.
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Examples:
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$req = HTTP::Request->new(GET => 'news:abc1234@a.sn.no');
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$req = HTTP::Request->new(POST => 'news:comp.lang.perl.test');
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$req->header(Subject => 'This is a test',
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From => 'me@some.where.org');
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$req->content(<<EOT);
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This is the content of the message that we are sending to
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the world.
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EOT
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=head2 Gopher Request
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The library supports the GET and HEAD methods for gopher requests. All
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request header values are ignored. HEAD cheats and returns a
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response without even talking to server.
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Gopher menus are always converted to HTML.
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The response "Content-Type" is generated from the document type
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encoded (as the first letter) in the request URL path itself.
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Example:
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$req = HTTP::Request->new(GET => 'gopher://gopher.sn.no/');
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=head2 File Request
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The library supports GET and HEAD methods for file requests. The
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"If-Modified-Since" header is supported. All other headers are
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ignored. The I<host> component of the file URL must be empty or set
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to "localhost". Any other I<host> value will be treated as an error.
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Directories are always converted to an HTML document. For normal
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files, the "Content-Type" and "Content-Encoding" in the response are
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guessed based on the file suffix.
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Example:
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$req = HTTP::Request->new(GET => 'file:/etc/passwd');
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=head2 Mailto Request
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You can send (aka "POST") mail messages using the library. All
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headers specified for the request are passed on to the mail system.
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The "To" header is initialized from the mail address in the URL.
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Example:
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$req = HTTP::Request->new(POST => 'mailto:libwww@perl.org');
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$req->header(Subject => "subscribe");
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$req->content("Please subscribe me to the libwww-perl mailing list!\n");
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=head2 CPAN Requests
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URLs with scheme C<cpan:> are redirected to a suitable CPAN
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mirror. If you have your own local mirror of CPAN you might tell LWP
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to use it for C<cpan:> URLs by an assignment like this:
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$LWP::Protocol::cpan::CPAN = "file:/local/CPAN/";
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Suitable CPAN mirrors are also picked up from the configuration for
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the CPAN.pm, so if you have used that module a suitable mirror should
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be picked automatically. If neither of these apply, then a redirect
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to the generic CPAN http location is issued.
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Example request to download the newest perl:
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$req = HTTP::Request->new(GET => "cpan:src/latest.tar.gz");
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=head1 OVERVIEW OF CLASSES AND PACKAGES
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This table should give you a quick overview of the classes provided by the
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library. Indentation shows class inheritance.
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LWP::MemberMixin -- Access to member variables of Perl5 classes
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LWP::UserAgent -- WWW user agent class
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LWP::RobotUA -- When developing a robot applications
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LWP::Protocol -- Interface to various protocol schemes
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LWP::Protocol::http -- http:// access
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LWP::Protocol::file -- file:// access
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LWP::Protocol::ftp -- ftp:// access
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...
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LWP::Authen::Basic -- Handle 401 and 407 responses
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LWP::Authen::Digest
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HTTP::Headers -- MIME/RFC822 style header (used by HTTP::Message)
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HTTP::Message -- HTTP style message
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HTTP::Request -- HTTP request
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HTTP::Response -- HTTP response
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HTTP::Daemon -- A HTTP server class
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WWW::RobotRules -- Parse robots.txt files
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WWW::RobotRules::AnyDBM_File -- Persistent RobotRules
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Net::HTTP -- Low level HTTP client
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The following modules provide various functions and definitions.
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LWP -- This file. Library version number and documentation.
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LWP::MediaTypes -- MIME types configuration (text/html etc.)
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LWP::Simple -- Simplified procedural interface for common functions
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HTTP::Status -- HTTP status code (200 OK etc)
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HTTP::Date -- Date parsing module for HTTP date formats
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HTTP::Negotiate -- HTTP content negotiation calculation
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File::Listing -- Parse directory listings
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HTML::Form -- Processing for <form>s in HTML documents
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=head1 MORE DOCUMENTATION
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All modules contain detailed information on the interfaces they
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provide. The L<lwpcook> manpage is the libwww-perl cookbook that contain
|
|
examples of typical usage of the library. You might want to take a
|
|
look at how the scripts L<lwp-request>, L<lwp-download>, L<lwp-dump>
|
|
and L<lwp-mirror> are implemented.
|
|
|
|
=head1 ENVIRONMENT
|
|
|
|
The following environment variables are used by LWP:
|
|
|
|
=over
|
|
|
|
=item HOME
|
|
|
|
The L<LWP::MediaTypes> functions will look for the F<.media.types> and
|
|
F<.mime.types> files relative to you home directory.
|
|
|
|
=item http_proxy
|
|
|
|
=item ftp_proxy
|
|
|
|
=item xxx_proxy
|
|
|
|
=item no_proxy
|
|
|
|
These environment variables can be set to enable communication through
|
|
a proxy server. See the description of the C<env_proxy> method in
|
|
L<LWP::UserAgent>.
|
|
|
|
=item PERL_LWP_ENV_PROXY
|
|
|
|
If set to a TRUE value, then the L<LWP::UserAgent> will by default call
|
|
C<env_proxy> during initialization. This makes LWP honor the proxy variables
|
|
described above.
|
|
|
|
=item PERL_LWP_SSL_VERIFY_HOSTNAME
|
|
|
|
The default C<verify_hostname> setting for L<LWP::UserAgent>. If
|
|
not set the default will be 1. Set it as 0 to disable hostname
|
|
verification (the default prior to libwww-perl 5.840.
|
|
|
|
=item PERL_LWP_SSL_CA_FILE
|
|
|
|
=item PERL_LWP_SSL_CA_PATH
|
|
|
|
The file and/or directory
|
|
where the trusted Certificate Authority certificates
|
|
is located. See L<LWP::UserAgent> for details.
|
|
|
|
=item PERL_HTTP_URI_CLASS
|
|
|
|
Used to decide what URI objects to instantiate. The default is L<URI>.
|
|
You might want to set it to L<URI::URL> for compatibility with old times.
|
|
|
|
=back
|
|
|
|
=head1 AUTHORS
|
|
|
|
LWP was made possible by contributions from Adam Newby, Albert
|
|
Dvornik, Alexandre Duret-Lutz, Andreas Gustafsson, Andreas König,
|
|
Andrew Pimlott, Andy Lester, Ben Coleman, Benjamin Low, Ben Low, Ben
|
|
Tilly, Blair Zajac, Bob Dalgleish, BooK, Brad Hughes, Brian
|
|
J. Murrell, Brian McCauley, Charles C. Fu, Charles Lane, Chris Nandor,
|
|
Christian Gilmore, Chris W. Unger, Craig Macdonald, Dale Couch, Dan
|
|
Kubb, Dave Dunkin, Dave W. Smith, David Coppit, David Dick, David
|
|
D. Kilzer, Doug MacEachern, Edward Avis, erik, Gary Shea, Gisle Aas,
|
|
Graham Barr, Gurusamy Sarathy, Hans de Graaff, Harald Joerg, Harry
|
|
Bochner, Hugo, Ilya Zakharevich, INOUE Yoshinari, Ivan Panchenko, Jack
|
|
Shirazi, James Tillman, Jan Dubois, Jared Rhine, Jim Stern, Joao
|
|
Lopes, John Klar, Johnny Lee, Josh Kronengold, Josh Rai, Joshua
|
|
Chamas, Joshua Hoblitt, Kartik Subbarao, Keiichiro Nagano, Ken
|
|
Williams, KONISHI Katsuhiro, Lee T Lindley, Liam Quinn, Marc Hedlund,
|
|
Marc Langheinrich, Mark D. Anderson, Marko Asplund, Mark Stosberg,
|
|
Markus B Krüger, Markus Laker, Martijn Koster, Martin Thurn, Matthew
|
|
Eldridge, Matthew.van.Eerde, Matt Sergeant, Michael A. Chase, Michael
|
|
Quaranta, Michael Thompson, Mike Schilli, Moshe Kaminsky, Nathan
|
|
Torkington, Nicolai Langfeldt, Norton Allen, Olly Betts, Paul
|
|
J. Schinder, peterm, Philip Guenther, Daniel Buenzli, Pon Hwa Lin,
|
|
Radoslaw Zielinski, Radu Greab, Randal L. Schwartz, Richard Chen,
|
|
Robin Barker, Roy Fielding, Sander van Zoest, Sean M. Burke,
|
|
shildreth, Slaven Rezic, Steve A Fink, Steve Hay, Steven Butler,
|
|
Steve_Kilbane, Takanori Ugai, Thomas Lotterer, Tim Bunce, Tom Hughes,
|
|
Tony Finch, Ville Skyttä, Ward Vandewege, William York, Yale Huang,
|
|
and Yitzchak Scott-Thoennes.
|
|
|
|
LWP owes a lot in motivation, design, and code, to the libwww-perl
|
|
library for Perl4 by Roy Fielding, which included work from Alberto
|
|
Accomazzi, James Casey, Brooks Cutter, Martijn Koster, Oscar
|
|
Nierstrasz, Mel Melchner, Gertjan van Oosten, Jared Rhine, Jack
|
|
Shirazi, Gene Spafford, Marc VanHeyningen, Steven E. Brenner, Marion
|
|
Hakanson, Waldemar Kebsch, Tony Sanders, and Larry Wall; see the
|
|
libwww-perl-0.40 library for details.
|
|
|
|
=head1 COPYRIGHT
|
|
|
|
Copyright 1995-2009, Gisle Aas
|
|
Copyright 1995, Martijn Koster
|
|
|
|
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
|
|
modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
|
|
|
|
=head1 AVAILABILITY
|
|
|
|
The latest version of this library is likely to be available from CPAN
|
|
as well as:
|
|
|
|
http://github.com/libwww-perl/libwww-perl
|
|
|
|
The best place to discuss this code is on the <libwww@perl.org>
|
|
mailing list.
|
|
|
|
=cut
|