761 lines
41 KiB
HTML
761 lines
41 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]-->
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.8">
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<title>git-merge-base(1)</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700">
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<style>
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/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */
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/* Uncomment @import statement below to use as custom stylesheet */
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/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/
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</head>
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<body class="manpage">
|
|
<div id="header">
|
|
<h1>git-merge-base(1) Manual Page</h1>
|
|
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<p>git-merge-base - Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="content">
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="verseblock">
|
|
<pre class="content"><em>git merge-base</em> [-a|--all] <commit> <commit>…​
|
|
<em>git merge-base</em> [-a|--all] --octopus <commit>…​
|
|
<em>git merge-base</em> --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>
|
|
<em>git merge-base</em> --independent <commit>…​
|
|
<em>git merge-base</em> --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><em>git merge-base</em> finds best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use
|
|
in a three-way merge. One common ancestor is <em>better</em> than another common
|
|
ancestor if the latter is an ancestor of the former. A common ancestor
|
|
that does not have any better common ancestor is a <em>best common
|
|
ancestor</em>, i.e. a <em>merge base</em>. Note that there can be more than one
|
|
merge base for a pair of commits.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_operation_modes">OPERATION MODES</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>As the most common special case, specifying only two commits on the
|
|
command line means computing the merge base between the given two commits.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>More generally, among the two commits to compute the merge base from,
|
|
one is specified by the first commit argument on the command line;
|
|
the other commit is a (possibly hypothetical) commit that is a merge
|
|
across all the remaining commits on the command line.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>As a consequence, the <em>merge base</em> is not necessarily contained in each of the
|
|
commit arguments if more than two commits are specified. This is different
|
|
from <a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch</a>(1) when used with the <code>--merge-base</code> option.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--octopus</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Compute the best common ancestors of all supplied commits,
|
|
in preparation for an n-way merge. This mimics the behavior
|
|
of <em>git show-branch --merge-base</em>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--independent</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Instead of printing merge bases, print a minimal subset of
|
|
the supplied commits with the same ancestors. In other words,
|
|
among the commits given, list those which cannot be reached
|
|
from any other. This mimics the behavior of <em>git show-branch
|
|
--independent</em>.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--is-ancestor</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Check if the first <commit> is an ancestor of the second <commit>,
|
|
and exit with status 0 if true, or with status 1 if not.
|
|
Errors are signaled by a non-zero status that is not 1.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--fork-point</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Find the point at which a branch (or any history that leads
|
|
to <commit>) forked from another branch (or any reference)
|
|
<ref>. This does not just look for the common ancestor of
|
|
the two commits, but also takes into account the reflog of
|
|
<ref> to see if the history leading to <commit> forked from
|
|
an earlier incarnation of the branch <ref> (see discussion
|
|
on this mode below).</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-a</dt>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Output all merge bases for the commits, instead of just one.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_discussion">DISCUSSION</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Given two commits <em>A</em> and <em>B</em>, <code>git merge-base A B</code> will output a commit
|
|
which is reachable from both <em>A</em> and <em>B</em> through the parent relationship.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For example, with this topology:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> o---o---o---B
|
|
/
|
|
---o---1---o---o---o---A</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>the merge base between <em>A</em> and <em>B</em> is <em>1</em>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Given three commits <em>A</em>, <em>B</em> and <em>C</em>, <code>git merge-base A B C</code> will compute the
|
|
merge base between <em>A</em> and a hypothetical commit <em>M</em>, which is a merge
|
|
between <em>B</em> and <em>C</em>. For example, with this topology:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> o---o---o---o---C
|
|
/
|
|
/ o---o---o---B
|
|
/ /
|
|
---2---1---o---o---o---A</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>the result of <code>git merge-base A B C</code> is <em>1</em>. This is because the
|
|
equivalent topology with a merge commit <em>M</em> between <em>B</em> and <em>C</em> is:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> o---o---o---o---o
|
|
/ \
|
|
/ o---o---o---o---M
|
|
/ /
|
|
---2---1---o---o---o---A</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>and the result of <code>git merge-base A M</code> is <em>1</em>. Commit <em>2</em> is also a
|
|
common ancestor between <em>A</em> and <em>M</em>, but <em>1</em> is a better common ancestor,
|
|
because <em>2</em> is an ancestor of <em>1</em>. Hence, <em>2</em> is not a merge base.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The result of <code>git merge-base --octopus A B C</code> is <em>2</em>, because <em>2</em> is
|
|
the best common ancestor of all commits.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When the history involves criss-cross merges, there can be more than one
|
|
<em>best</em> common ancestor for two commits. For example, with this topology:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>---1---o---A
|
|
\ /
|
|
X
|
|
/ \
|
|
---2---o---o---B</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>both <em>1</em> and <em>2</em> are merge-bases of A and B. Neither one is better than
|
|
the other (both are <em>best</em> merge bases). When the <code>--all</code> option is not given,
|
|
it is unspecified which best one is output.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A common idiom to check "fast-forward-ness" between two commits A
|
|
and B is (or at least used to be) to compute the merge base between
|
|
A and B, and check if it is the same as A, in which case, A is an
|
|
ancestor of B. You will see this idiom used often in older scripts.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>A=$(git rev-parse --verify A)
|
|
if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)"
|
|
then
|
|
... A is an ancestor of B ...
|
|
fi</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In modern git, you can say this in a more direct way:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B
|
|
then
|
|
... A is an ancestor of B ...
|
|
fi</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>instead.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_discussion_on_fork_point_mode">Discussion on fork-point mode</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>After working on the <code>topic</code> branch created with <code>git checkout -b
|
|
topic origin/master</code>, the history of remote-tracking branch
|
|
<code>origin/master</code> may have been rewound and rebuilt, leading to a
|
|
history of this shape:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> o---B2
|
|
/
|
|
---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master)
|
|
\
|
|
B0
|
|
\
|
|
D0---D1---D (topic)</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>where <code>origin/master</code> used to point at commits B0, B1, B2 and now it
|
|
points at B, and your <code>topic</code> branch was started on top of it back
|
|
when <code>origin/master</code> was at B0, and you built three commits, D0, D1,
|
|
and D, on top of it. Imagine that you now want to rebase the work
|
|
you did on the topic on top of the updated origin/master.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In such a case, <code>git merge-base origin/master topic</code> would return the
|
|
parent of B0 in the above picture, but B0^..D is <strong>not</strong> the range of
|
|
commits you would want to replay on top of B (it includes B0, which
|
|
is not what you wrote; it is a commit the other side discarded when
|
|
it moved its tip from B0 to B1).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>git merge-base --fork-point origin/master topic</code> is designed to
|
|
help in such a case. It takes not only B but also B0, B1, and B2
|
|
(i.e. old tips of the remote-tracking branches your repository’s
|
|
reflog knows about) into account to see on which commit your topic
|
|
branch was built and finds B0, allowing you to replay only the
|
|
commits on your topic, excluding the commits the other side later
|
|
discarded.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Hence</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ fork_point=$(git merge-base --fork-point origin/master topic)</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>will find B0, and</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git rebase --onto origin/master $fork_point topic</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>will replay D0, D1 and D on top of B to create a new history of this
|
|
shape:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> o---B2
|
|
/
|
|
---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master)
|
|
\ \
|
|
B0 D0'--D1'--D' (topic - updated)
|
|
\
|
|
D0---D1---D (topic - old)</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A caveat is that older reflog entries in your repository may be
|
|
expired by <code>git gc</code>. If B0 no longer appears in the reflog of the
|
|
remote-tracking branch <code>origin/master</code>, the <code>--fork-point</code> mode
|
|
obviously cannot find it and fails, avoiding to give a random and
|
|
useless result (such as the parent of B0, like the same command
|
|
without the <code>--fork-point</code> option gives).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Also, the remote-tracking branch you use the <code>--fork-point</code> mode
|
|
with must be the one your topic forked from its tip. If you forked
|
|
from an older commit than the tip, this mode would not find the fork
|
|
point (imagine in the above sample history B0 did not exist,
|
|
origin/master started at B1, moved to B2 and then B, and you forked
|
|
your topic at origin/master^ when origin/master was B1; the shape of
|
|
the history would be the same as above, without B0, and the parent
|
|
of B1 is what <code>git merge-base origin/master topic</code> correctly finds,
|
|
but the <code>--fork-point</code> mode will not, because it is not one of the
|
|
commits that used to be at the tip of origin/master).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_see_also">See also</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list</a>(1),
|
|
<a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch</a>(1),
|
|
<a href="git-merge.html">git-merge</a>(1)</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git</a>(1) suite</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
<div id="footer-text">
|
|
Last updated 2019-02-26 19:31:11 UTC
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html> |