720 lines
41 KiB
HTML
720 lines
41 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]-->
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.8">
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<title>gitcli(7)</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700">
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<style>
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/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */
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/* Uncomment @import statement below to use as custom stylesheet */
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/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/
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</head>
|
|
<body class="manpage">
|
|
<div id="header">
|
|
<h1>gitcli(7) Manual Page</h1>
|
|
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<p>gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="content">
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>gitcli</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes
|
|
"tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their
|
|
arguments. Here are the rules:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Revisions come first and then paths.
|
|
E.g. in <code>git diff v1.0 v2.0 arch/x86 include/asm-x86</code>,
|
|
<code>v1.0</code> and <code>v2.0</code> are revisions and <code>arch/x86</code> and <code>include/asm-x86</code>
|
|
are paths.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path,
|
|
they can be disambiguated by placing <code>--</code> between them.
|
|
E.g. <code>git diff -- HEAD</code> is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work
|
|
tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the index
|
|
and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show difference
|
|
between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say
|
|
<code>git diff HEAD --</code> to ask for the latter.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Without disambiguating <code>--</code>, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors
|
|
out and asking you to disambiguate when ambiguous. E.g. if you have a
|
|
file called HEAD in your work tree, <code>git diff HEAD</code> is ambiguous, and
|
|
you have to say either <code>git diff HEAD --</code> or <code>git diff -- HEAD</code> to
|
|
disambiguate.</p>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is
|
|
a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing
|
|
disambiguating <code>--</code> at appropriate places.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect
|
|
them from getting globbed by the shell. These two mean different
|
|
things:</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git checkout -- *.c
|
|
$ git checkout -- \*.c</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking
|
|
the dot-C files in your working tree to be overwritten with the version
|
|
in the index. The latter passes the <code>*.c</code> to Git, and you are asking
|
|
the paths in the index that match the pattern to be checked out to your
|
|
working tree. After running <code>git add hello.c; rm hello.c</code>, you will <em>not</em>
|
|
see <code>hello.c</code> in your working tree with the former, but with the latter
|
|
you will.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Just as the filesystem <em>.</em> (period) refers to the current directory,
|
|
using a <em>.</em> as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative
|
|
path and means your current repository.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are
|
|
scripting Git:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>it’s preferred to use the non-dashed form of Git commands, which means that
|
|
you should prefer <code>git foo</code> to <code>git-foo</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>splitting short options to separate words (prefer <code>git foo -a -b</code>
|
|
to <code>git foo -ab</code>, the latter may not even work).</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>when a command-line option takes an argument, use the <em>stuck</em> form. In
|
|
other words, write <code>git foo -oArg</code> instead of <code>git foo -o Arg</code> for short
|
|
options, and <code>git foo --long-opt=Arg</code> instead of <code>git foo --long-opt Arg</code>
|
|
for long options. An option that takes optional option-argument must be
|
|
written in the <em>stuck</em> form.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>when you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is
|
|
not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write
|
|
<code>git log -1 HEAD</code> but write <code>git log -1 HEAD --</code>; the former will not work
|
|
if you happen to have a file called <code>HEAD</code> in the work tree.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>many commands allow a long option <code>--option</code> to be abbreviated
|
|
only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option
|
|
whose name begins with <code>opt</code>, you may be able to spell <code>--opt</code> to
|
|
invoke the <code>--option</code> flag), but you should fully spell them out
|
|
when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a
|
|
new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. <code>--optimize</code>,
|
|
to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_enhanced_option_parser">ENHANCED OPTION PARSER</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the
|
|
time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_magic_options">Magic Options</h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a
|
|
couple of magic command-line options:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="dlist">
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-h</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>gives a pretty printed usage of the command.</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git describe -h
|
|
usage: git describe [<options>] <commit-ish>*
|
|
or: git describe [<options>] --dirty
|
|
|
|
--contains find the tag that comes after the commit
|
|
--debug debug search strategy on stderr
|
|
--all use any ref
|
|
--tags use any tag, even unannotated
|
|
--long always use long format
|
|
--abbrev[=<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--help-all</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that
|
|
are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This
|
|
option gives the full list of options.</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_negating_options">Negating options</h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing <code>--no-</code>. For
|
|
example, <code>git branch</code> has the option <code>--track</code> which is <em>on</em> by default. You
|
|
can use <code>--no-track</code> to override that behaviour. The same goes for <code>--color</code>
|
|
and <code>--no-color</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_aggregating_short_options">Aggregating short options</h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short
|
|
options. This means that you can for example use <code>git rm -rf</code> or
|
|
<code>git clean -fdx</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_abbreviating_long_options">Abbreviating long options</h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique
|
|
prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this
|
|
with a caution. For example, <code>git commit --amen</code> behaves as if you
|
|
typed <code>git commit --amend</code>, but that is true only until a later version
|
|
of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix,
|
|
e.g. <code>git commit --amenity</code> option.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect2">
|
|
<h3 id="_separating_argument_from_the_option">Separating argument from the option</h3>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate
|
|
word on the command line. That means that all the following uses work:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git foo --long-opt=Arg
|
|
$ git foo --long-opt Arg
|
|
$ git foo -oArg
|
|
$ git foo -o Arg</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>However, this is <strong>NOT</strong> allowed for switches with an optional value, where the
|
|
<em>stuck</em> form must be used:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre>$ git describe --abbrev HEAD # correct
|
|
$ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD # correct
|
|
$ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_notes_on_frequently_confused_options">NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Many commands that can work on files in the working tree
|
|
and/or in the index can take <code>--cached</code> and/or <code>--index</code>
|
|
options. Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because
|
|
the index was originally called cache, these two are
|
|
synonyms. They are <strong>not</strong> — these two options mean very
|
|
different things.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="ulist">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The <code>--cached</code> option is used to ask a command that
|
|
usually works on files in the working tree to <strong>only</strong> work
|
|
with the index. For example, <code>git grep</code>, when used
|
|
without a commit to specify from which commit to look for
|
|
strings in, usually works on files in the working tree,
|
|
but with the <code>--cached</code> option, it looks for strings in
|
|
the index.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The <code>--index</code> option is used to ask a command that
|
|
usually works on files in the working tree to <strong>also</strong>
|
|
affect the index. For example, <code>git stash apply</code> usually
|
|
merges changes recorded in a stash entry to the working tree,
|
|
but with the <code>--index</code> option, it also merges changes to
|
|
the index as well.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>git apply</code> command can be used with <code>--cached</code> and
|
|
<code>--index</code> (but not at the same time). Usually the command
|
|
only affects the files in the working tree, but with
|
|
<code>--index</code>, it patches both the files and their index
|
|
entries, and with <code>--cached</code>, it modifies only the index
|
|
entries.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>See also <a href="http://marc.info/?l=git&m=116563135620359" class="bare">http://marc.info/?l=git&m=116563135620359</a> and
|
|
<a href="http://marc.info/?l=git&m=119150393620273" class="bare">http://marc.info/?l=git&m=119150393620273</a> for further
|
|
information.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git</a>(1) suite</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
<div id="footer-text">
|
|
Last updated 2019-02-26 19:31:11 UTC
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
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</body>
|
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</html> |