702 lines
39 KiB
HTML
702 lines
39 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html lang="en">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
|
<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]-->
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
|
|
<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.8">
|
|
<title>Keep authoritative canonical history correct with git pull</title>
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700">
|
|
<style>
|
|
/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */
|
|
/* Uncomment @import statement below to use as custom stylesheet */
|
|
/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/
|
|
article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section,summary{display:block}
|
|
audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block}
|
|
audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}
|
|
script{display:none!important}
|
|
html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
|
|
a{background:transparent}
|
|
a:focus{outline:thin dotted}
|
|
a:active,a:hover{outline:0}
|
|
h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}
|
|
abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted}
|
|
b,strong{font-weight:bold}
|
|
dfn{font-style:italic}
|
|
hr{-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0}
|
|
mark{background:#ff0;color:#000}
|
|
code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em}
|
|
pre{white-space:pre-wrap}
|
|
q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"}
|
|
small{font-size:80%}
|
|
sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}
|
|
sup{top:-.5em}
|
|
sub{bottom:-.25em}
|
|
img{border:0}
|
|
svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}
|
|
figure{margin:0}
|
|
fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em}
|
|
legend{border:0;padding:0}
|
|
button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0}
|
|
button,input{line-height:normal}
|
|
button,select{text-transform:none}
|
|
button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer}
|
|
button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default}
|
|
input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}
|
|
button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}
|
|
textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top}
|
|
table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}
|
|
*,*::before,*::after{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}
|
|
html,body{font-size:100%}
|
|
body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;tab-size:4;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}
|
|
a:hover{cursor:pointer}
|
|
img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto}
|
|
object,embed{height:100%}
|
|
img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}
|
|
.left{float:left!important}
|
|
.right{float:right!important}
|
|
.text-left{text-align:left!important}
|
|
.text-right{text-align:right!important}
|
|
.text-center{text-align:center!important}
|
|
.text-justify{text-align:justify!important}
|
|
.hide{display:none}
|
|
img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}
|
|
textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px}
|
|
select{width:100%}
|
|
.center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}
|
|
.stretch{width:100%}
|
|
.subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em}
|
|
div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0;direction:ltr}
|
|
a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit}
|
|
a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f}
|
|
a img{border:none}
|
|
p{font-family:inherit;font-weight:400;font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}
|
|
p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic}
|
|
h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em}
|
|
h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0}
|
|
h1{font-size:2.125em}
|
|
h2{font-size:1.6875em}
|
|
h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em}
|
|
h4,h5{font-size:1.125em}
|
|
h6{font-size:1em}
|
|
hr{border:solid #dddddf;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em;height:0}
|
|
em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit}
|
|
strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit}
|
|
small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit}
|
|
code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)}
|
|
ul,ol,dl{font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit}
|
|
ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em}
|
|
ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em}
|
|
ul.square li ul,ul.circle li ul,ul.disc li ul{list-style:inherit}
|
|
ul.square{list-style-type:square}
|
|
ul.circle{list-style-type:circle}
|
|
ul.disc{list-style-type:disc}
|
|
ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0}
|
|
dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold}
|
|
dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em}
|
|
abbr,acronym{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:90%;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-bottom:1px dotted #ddd;cursor:help}
|
|
abbr{text-transform:none}
|
|
blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd}
|
|
blockquote cite{display:block;font-size:.9375em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)}
|
|
blockquote cite::before{content:"\2014 \0020"}
|
|
blockquote cite a,blockquote cite a:visited{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)}
|
|
blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}
|
|
@media screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2}
|
|
h1{font-size:2.75em}
|
|
h2{font-size:2.3125em}
|
|
h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em}
|
|
h4{font-size:1.4375em}}
|
|
table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:solid 1px #dedede}
|
|
table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7}
|
|
table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left}
|
|
table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}
|
|
table tr.even,table tr.alt,table tr:nth-of-type(even){background:#f8f8f7}
|
|
table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6}
|
|
h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em}
|
|
h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400}
|
|
.clearfix::before,.clearfix::after,.float-group::before,.float-group::after{content:" ";display:table}
|
|
.clearfix::after,.float-group::after{clear:both}
|
|
*:not(pre)>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background-color:#f7f7f8;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed;word-wrap:break-word}
|
|
*:not(pre)>code.nobreak{word-wrap:normal}
|
|
*:not(pre)>code.nowrap{white-space:nowrap}
|
|
pre,pre>code{line-height:1.45;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed}
|
|
em em{font-style:normal}
|
|
strong strong{font-weight:400}
|
|
.keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)}
|
|
kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background-color:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em white inset;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em #fff inset;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap}
|
|
.keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0}
|
|
.keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0}
|
|
.menuseq,.menuref{color:#000}
|
|
.menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit}
|
|
.menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em}
|
|
.menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8}
|
|
.menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em}
|
|
b.button::before,b.button::after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400}
|
|
b.button::before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px}
|
|
b.button::after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px}
|
|
p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)}
|
|
#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em}
|
|
#header::before,#header::after,#content::before,#content::after,#footnotes::before,#footnotes::after,#footer::before,#footer::after{content:" ";display:table}
|
|
#header::after,#content::after,#footnotes::after,#footer::after{clear:both}
|
|
#content{margin-top:1.25em}
|
|
#content::before{content:none}
|
|
#header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0}
|
|
#header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #dddddf}
|
|
#header>h1:only-child,body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf;padding-bottom:8px}
|
|
#header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap}
|
|
#header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em}
|
|
#header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}
|
|
#header .details br{display:none}
|
|
#header .details br+span::before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"}
|
|
#header .details br+span.author::before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}
|
|
#header .details br+span#revremark::before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"}
|
|
#header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize}
|
|
#header #revnumber::after{content:"\00a0"}
|
|
#content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem}
|
|
#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #e7e7e9;padding-bottom:.5em}
|
|
#toc>ul{margin-left:.125em}
|
|
#toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic}
|
|
#toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0}
|
|
#toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none}
|
|
#toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em}
|
|
#toc a{text-decoration:none}
|
|
#toc a:active{text-decoration:underline}
|
|
#toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em}
|
|
@media screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em}
|
|
body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0}
|
|
#toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background-color:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #e7e7e9;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto}
|
|
#toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em}
|
|
#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0}
|
|
#toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em}
|
|
#toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em}
|
|
body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em}
|
|
body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #e7e7e9;left:auto;right:0}}
|
|
@media screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0}
|
|
#toc.toc2{width:20em}
|
|
#toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em}
|
|
#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em}
|
|
#toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em}
|
|
body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}}
|
|
#content #toc{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px}
|
|
#content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0}
|
|
#content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
|
|
#footer{max-width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em}
|
|
#footer-text{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);line-height:1.44}
|
|
#content{margin-bottom:.625em}
|
|
.sect1{padding-bottom:.625em}
|
|
@media screen and (min-width:768px){#content{margin-bottom:1.25em}
|
|
.sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}}
|
|
.sect1:last-child{padding-bottom:0}
|
|
.sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #e7e7e9}
|
|
#content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400}
|
|
#content h1>a.anchor::before,h2>a.anchor::before,h3>a.anchor::before,#toctitle>a.anchor::before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor::before,h4>a.anchor::before,h5>a.anchor::before,h6>a.anchor::before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em}
|
|
#content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible}
|
|
#content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none}
|
|
#content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221}
|
|
.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em}
|
|
.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic}
|
|
table.tableblock.fit-content>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;width:0}
|
|
.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>[class="paragraph"]:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}
|
|
table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>[class="paragraph"]:first-of-type p{font-size:inherit}
|
|
.admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%}
|
|
.admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px}
|
|
.admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:none}
|
|
.admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}
|
|
.admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #dddddf;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)}
|
|
.admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
|
|
.exampleblock>.content{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px}
|
|
.exampleblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0}
|
|
.exampleblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
|
|
.sidebarblock{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px}
|
|
.sidebarblock>:first-child{margin-top:0}
|
|
.sidebarblock>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
|
|
.sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center}
|
|
.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
|
|
.literalblock pre,.listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.listingblock pre.CodeRay,.listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8}
|
|
.sidebarblock .literalblock pre,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f2f1f1}
|
|
.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-x:auto;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em}
|
|
@media screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:.90625em}}
|
|
@media screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:1em}}
|
|
.literalblock pre.nowrap,.literalblock pre.nowrap pre,.listingblock pre.nowrap,.listingblock pre.nowrap pre{white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal}
|
|
.literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)}
|
|
.listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0}
|
|
.listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px}
|
|
.listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0}
|
|
.listingblock>.content{position:relative}
|
|
.listingblock code[data-lang]::before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#999}
|
|
.listingblock:hover code[data-lang]::before{display:block}
|
|
.listingblock.terminal pre .command::before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:#999}
|
|
.listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt])::before{content:"$"}
|
|
table.pyhltable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none}
|
|
table.pyhltable td{vertical-align:top;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.45}
|
|
table.pyhltable td.code{padding-left:.75em;padding-right:0}
|
|
pre.pygments .lineno,table.pyhltable td:not(.code){color:#999;padding-left:0;padding-right:.5em;border-right:1px solid #dddddf}
|
|
pre.pygments .lineno{display:inline-block;margin-right:.25em}
|
|
table.pyhltable .linenodiv{background:none!important;padding-right:0!important}
|
|
.quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table}
|
|
.quoteblock>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em}
|
|
.quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify}
|
|
.quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0}
|
|
.quoteblock blockquote::before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)}
|
|
.quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0}
|
|
.quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.75em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right}
|
|
.verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em}
|
|
.verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}
|
|
.verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400}
|
|
.verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex}
|
|
.quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic}
|
|
.quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none}
|
|
.quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)}
|
|
.quoteblock.abstract blockquote::before,.quoteblock.excerpt blockquote::before,.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote::before{display:none}
|
|
.quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract p,.quoteblock.excerpt blockquote,.quoteblock.excerpt p,.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock .quoteblock p{line-height:1.6;word-spacing:0}
|
|
.quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 1em 1.25em;display:block}
|
|
.quoteblock.abstract>.title{margin:0 0 .375em;font-size:1.15em;text-align:center}
|
|
.quoteblock.excerpt,.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:0 0 .25em 1em;border-left:.25em solid #dddddf}
|
|
.quoteblock.excerpt blockquote,.quoteblock.excerpt p,.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock .quoteblock p{color:inherit;font-size:1.0625rem}
|
|
.quoteblock.excerpt .attribution,.quoteblock .quoteblock .attribution{color:inherit;text-align:left;margin-right:0}
|
|
table.tableblock{max-width:100%;border-collapse:separate}
|
|
p.tableblock:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
|
|
td.tableblock>.content{margin-bottom:-1.25em}
|
|
table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede}
|
|
table.grid-all>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-all>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 1px 0}
|
|
table.grid-all>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 1px 0 0}
|
|
table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 0 0}
|
|
table.grid-rows>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 0 1px}
|
|
table.grid-rows>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 0 0}
|
|
table.grid-all>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child,table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child{border-right-width:0}
|
|
table.grid-all>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-all>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock{border-bottom-width:0}
|
|
table.frame-all{border-width:1px}
|
|
table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px}
|
|
table.frame-topbot,table.frame-ends{border-width:1px 0}
|
|
table.stripes-all tr,table.stripes-odd tr:nth-of-type(odd){background:#f8f8f7}
|
|
table.stripes-none tr,table.stripes-odd tr:nth-of-type(even){background:none}
|
|
th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left}
|
|
th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right}
|
|
th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center}
|
|
th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top}
|
|
th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom}
|
|
th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}
|
|
table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold}
|
|
tbody tr th{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6;background:#f7f8f7}
|
|
tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold}
|
|
p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0}
|
|
p.tableblock{font-size:1em}
|
|
td>div.verse{white-space:pre}
|
|
ol{margin-left:1.75em}
|
|
ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em}
|
|
dl dd{margin-left:1.125em}
|
|
dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
|
|
ol>li p,ul>li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em}
|
|
ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none}
|
|
ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em}
|
|
ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0}
|
|
ul.checklist{margin-left:.625em}
|
|
ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em}
|
|
ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child{margin-right:.25em}
|
|
ul.inline{display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-box;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap;list-style:none;margin:0 0 .625em -1.25em}
|
|
ul.inline>li{margin-left:1.25em}
|
|
.unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal}
|
|
ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal}
|
|
ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero}
|
|
ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}
|
|
ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}
|
|
ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman}
|
|
ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman}
|
|
ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek}
|
|
.hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none}
|
|
.hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none}
|
|
td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em}
|
|
td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em}
|
|
.literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em}
|
|
.colist td:not([class]):first-child{padding:.4em .75em 0;line-height:1;vertical-align:top}
|
|
.colist td:not([class]):first-child img{max-width:none}
|
|
.colist td:not([class]):last-child{padding:.25em 0}
|
|
.thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:solid 4px #fff;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd}
|
|
.imageblock.left{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0}
|
|
.imageblock.right{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em}
|
|
.imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0}
|
|
.imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px}
|
|
.imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em}
|
|
.image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0}
|
|
.image.left{margin-right:.625em}
|
|
.image.right{margin-left:.625em}
|
|
a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block}
|
|
a.image object{pointer-events:none}
|
|
sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super}
|
|
sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none}
|
|
sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active{text-decoration:underline}
|
|
#footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em}
|
|
#footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em;border-width:1px 0 0}
|
|
#footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;margin-bottom:.2em}
|
|
#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;margin-left:-1.05em}
|
|
#footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}
|
|
#content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0}
|
|
.gist .file-data>table{border:0;background:#fff;width:100%;margin-bottom:0}
|
|
.gist .file-data>table td.line-data{width:99%}
|
|
div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid}
|
|
.big{font-size:larger}
|
|
.small{font-size:smaller}
|
|
.underline{text-decoration:underline}
|
|
.overline{text-decoration:overline}
|
|
.line-through{text-decoration:line-through}
|
|
.aqua{color:#00bfbf}
|
|
.aqua-background{background-color:#00fafa}
|
|
.black{color:#000}
|
|
.black-background{background-color:#000}
|
|
.blue{color:#0000bf}
|
|
.blue-background{background-color:#0000fa}
|
|
.fuchsia{color:#bf00bf}
|
|
.fuchsia-background{background-color:#fa00fa}
|
|
.gray{color:#606060}
|
|
.gray-background{background-color:#7d7d7d}
|
|
.green{color:#006000}
|
|
.green-background{background-color:#007d00}
|
|
.lime{color:#00bf00}
|
|
.lime-background{background-color:#00fa00}
|
|
.maroon{color:#600000}
|
|
.maroon-background{background-color:#7d0000}
|
|
.navy{color:#000060}
|
|
.navy-background{background-color:#00007d}
|
|
.olive{color:#606000}
|
|
.olive-background{background-color:#7d7d00}
|
|
.purple{color:#600060}
|
|
.purple-background{background-color:#7d007d}
|
|
.red{color:#bf0000}
|
|
.red-background{background-color:#fa0000}
|
|
.silver{color:#909090}
|
|
.silver-background{background-color:#bcbcbc}
|
|
.teal{color:#006060}
|
|
.teal-background{background-color:#007d7d}
|
|
.white{color:#bfbfbf}
|
|
.white-background{background-color:#fafafa}
|
|
.yellow{color:#bfbf00}
|
|
.yellow-background{background-color:#fafa00}
|
|
span.icon>.fa{cursor:default}
|
|
a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit}
|
|
.admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default}
|
|
.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note::before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c}
|
|
.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip::before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111}
|
|
.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning::before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900}
|
|
.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution::before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400}
|
|
.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important::before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000}
|
|
.conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);-webkit-border-radius:100px;border-radius:100px;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold}
|
|
.conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important}
|
|
.conum[data-value]+b{display:none}
|
|
.conum[data-value]::after{content:attr(data-value)}
|
|
pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em}
|
|
b.conum *{color:inherit!important}
|
|
.conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none}
|
|
dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}
|
|
h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt{letter-spacing:-.01em}
|
|
p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em}
|
|
p,blockquote,dt,td.content,span.alt{font-size:1.0625rem}
|
|
p{margin-bottom:1.25rem}
|
|
.sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em}
|
|
.exampleblock>.content{background-color:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc}
|
|
.print-only{display:none!important}
|
|
@page{margin:1.25cm .75cm}
|
|
@media print{*{-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important}
|
|
html{font-size:80%}
|
|
a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important}
|
|
a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important}
|
|
a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare)::after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare)::after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em}
|
|
abbr[title]::after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"}
|
|
pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid}
|
|
thead{display:table-header-group}
|
|
svg{max-width:100%}
|
|
p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3}
|
|
h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid}
|
|
#toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important}
|
|
#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf!important;padding-bottom:0!important}
|
|
body.book #header{text-align:center}
|
|
body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em}
|
|
body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important}
|
|
body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important}
|
|
body.book #header .details br{display:block}
|
|
body.book #header .details br+span::before{content:none!important}
|
|
body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}
|
|
body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always}
|
|
.listingblock code[data-lang]::before{display:block}
|
|
#footer{padding:0 .9375em}
|
|
.hide-on-print{display:none!important}
|
|
.print-only{display:block!important}
|
|
.hide-for-print{display:none!important}
|
|
.show-for-print{display:inherit!important}}
|
|
@media print,amzn-kf8{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem}
|
|
.sect1{padding:0!important}
|
|
.sect1+.sect1{border:0}
|
|
#footer{background:none}
|
|
#footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}}
|
|
@media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}}
|
|
</style>
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body class="article">
|
|
<div id="header">
|
|
<h1>Keep authoritative canonical history correct with git pull</h1>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="content">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Sometimes a new project integrator will end up with project history
|
|
that appears to be "backwards" from what other project developers
|
|
expect. This howto presents a suggested integration workflow for
|
|
maintaining a central repository.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Suppose that that central repository has this history:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> ---o---o---A</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>which ends at commit <code>A</code> (time flows from left to right and each node
|
|
in the graph is a commit, lines between them indicating parent-child
|
|
relationship).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Then you clone it and work on your own commits, which leads you to
|
|
have this history in <strong>your</strong> repository:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> ---o---o---A---B---C</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Imagine your coworker did the same and built on top of <code>A</code> in <strong>his</strong>
|
|
repository in the meantime, and then pushed it to the
|
|
central repository:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Now, if you <code>git push</code> at this point, because your history that leads
|
|
to <code>C</code> lacks <code>X</code>, <code>Y</code> and <code>Z</code>, it will fail. You need to somehow make
|
|
the tip of your history a descendant of <code>Z</code>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>One suggested way to solve the problem is "fetch and then merge", aka
|
|
<code>git pull</code>. When you fetch, your repository will have a history like
|
|
this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> ---o---o---A---B---C
|
|
\
|
|
X---Y---Z</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Once you run merge after that, while still on <strong>your</strong> branch, i.e. <code>C</code>,
|
|
you will create a merge <code>M</code> and make the history look like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> ---o---o---A---B---C---M
|
|
\ /
|
|
X---Y---Z</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p><code>M</code> is a descendant of <code>Z</code>, so you can push to update the central
|
|
repository. Such a merge <code>M</code> does not lose any commit in both
|
|
histories, so in that sense it may not be wrong, but when people want
|
|
to talk about "the authoritative canonical history that is shared
|
|
among the project participants", i.e. "the trunk", they often view
|
|
it as "commits you see by following the first-parent chain", and use
|
|
this command to view it:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git log --first-parent</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For all other people who observed the central repository after your
|
|
coworker pushed <code>Z</code> but before you pushed <code>M</code>, the commit on the trunk
|
|
used to be <code>o-o-A-X-Y-Z</code>. But because you made <code>M</code> while you were on
|
|
<code>C</code>, <code>M</code>'s first parent is <code>C</code>, so by pushing <code>M</code> to advance the
|
|
central repository, you made <code>X-Y-Z</code> a side branch, not on the trunk.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>You would rather want to have a history of this shape:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---M'
|
|
\ /
|
|
B-----------C</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>so that in the first-parent chain, it is clear that the project first
|
|
did <code>X</code> and then <code>Y</code> and then <code>Z</code> and merged a change that consists of
|
|
two commits <code>B</code> and <code>C</code> that achieves a single goal. You may have
|
|
worked on fixing the bug #12345 with these two patches, and the merge
|
|
<code>M'</code> with swapped parents can say in its log message "Merge
|
|
fix-bug-12345". Having a way to tell <code>git pull</code> to create a merge
|
|
but record the parents in reverse order may be a way to do so.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that I said "achieves a single goal" above, because this is
|
|
important. "Swapping the merge order" only covers a special case
|
|
where the project does not care too much about having unrelated
|
|
things done on a single merge but cares a lot about first-parent
|
|
chain.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>There are multiple schools of thought about the "trunk" management.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Some projects want to keep a completely linear history without any
|
|
merges. Obviously, swapping the merge order would not match their
|
|
taste. You would need to flatten your history on top of the
|
|
updated upstream to result in a history of this shape instead:</p>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> ---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---B---C</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>with <code>git pull --rebase</code> or something.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Some projects tolerate merges in their history, but do not worry
|
|
too much about the first-parent order, and allow fast-forward
|
|
merges. To them, swapping the merge order does not hurt, but
|
|
it is unnecessary.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Some projects want each commit on the "trunk" to do one single
|
|
thing. The output of <code>git log --first-parent</code> in such a project
|
|
would show either a merge of a side branch that completes a single
|
|
theme, or a single commit that completes a single theme by itself.
|
|
If your two commits <code>B</code> and <code>C</code> (or they may even be two groups of
|
|
commits) were solving two independent issues, then the merge <code>M'</code>
|
|
we made in the earlier example by swapping the merge order is
|
|
still not up to the project standard. It merges two unrelated
|
|
efforts <code>B</code> and <code>C</code> at the same time.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>For projects in the last category (Git itself is one of them),
|
|
individual developers would want to prepare a history more like
|
|
this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> C0--C1--C2 topic-c
|
|
/
|
|
---o---o---A master
|
|
\
|
|
B0--B1--B2 topic-b</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>That is, keeping separate topics on separate branches, perhaps like
|
|
so:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git clone $URL work && cd work
|
|
$ git checkout -b topic-b master
|
|
$ ... work to create B0, B1 and B2 to complete one theme
|
|
$ git checkout -b topic-c master
|
|
$ ... same for the theme of topic-c</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>And then</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git checkout master
|
|
$ git pull --ff-only</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>would grab <code>X</code>, <code>Y</code> and <code>Z</code> from the upstream and advance your master
|
|
branch:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> C0--C1--C2 topic-c
|
|
/
|
|
---o---o---A---X---Y---Z master
|
|
\
|
|
B0--B1--B2 topic-b</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>And then you would merge these two branches separately:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git merge topic-b
|
|
$ git merge topic-c</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>to result in</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> C0--C1---------C2
|
|
/ \
|
|
---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---M---N
|
|
\ /
|
|
B0--B1-----B2</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>and push it back to the central repository.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>It is very much possible that while you are merging topic-b and
|
|
topic-c, somebody again advanced the history in the central repository
|
|
to put <code>W</code> on top of <code>Z</code>, and make your <code>git push</code> fail.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In such a case, you would rewind to discard <code>M</code> and <code>N</code>, update the
|
|
tip of your <em>master</em> again and redo the two merges:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git reset --hard origin/master
|
|
$ git pull --ff-only
|
|
$ git merge topic-b
|
|
$ git merge topic-c</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The procedure will result in a history that looks like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> C0--C1--------------C2
|
|
/ \
|
|
---o---o---A---X---Y---Z---W---M'--N'
|
|
\ /
|
|
B0--B1---------B2</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>See also <a href="http://git-blame.blogspot.com/2013/09/fun-with-first-parent-history.html" class="bare">http://git-blame.blogspot.com/2013/09/fun-with-first-parent-history.html</a></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
<div id="footer-text">
|
|
Last updated 2019-02-26 19:31:11 UTC
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|