709 lines
40 KiB
HTML
709 lines
40 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]-->
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.8">
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<title>How to use a signed tag in pull requests</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700">
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<style>
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/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */
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/* Uncomment @import statement below to use as custom stylesheet */
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/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/
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a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important}
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a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare)::after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare)::after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em}
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abbr[title]::after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"}
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h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid}
|
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#toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important}
|
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#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #dddddf!important;padding-bottom:0!important}
|
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body.book #header{text-align:center}
|
|
body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em}
|
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body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important}
|
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body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important}
|
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body.book #header .details br{display:block}
|
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body.book #header .details br+span::before{content:none!important}
|
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body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important}
|
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body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always}
|
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#footer{padding:0 .9375em}
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.hide-for-print{display:none!important}
|
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.show-for-print{display:inherit!important}}
|
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@media print,amzn-kf8{#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem}
|
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.sect1{padding:0!important}
|
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.sect1+.sect1{border:0}
|
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#footer{background:none}
|
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#footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);font-size:.9em}}
|
|
@media amzn-kf8{#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{padding:0}}
|
|
</style>
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body class="article">
|
|
<div id="header">
|
|
<h1>How to use a signed tag in pull requests</h1>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="content">
|
|
<div id="preamble">
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A typical distributed workflow using Git is for a contributor to fork a
|
|
project, build on it, publish the result to her public repository, and ask
|
|
the "upstream" person (often the owner of the project where she forked
|
|
from) to pull from her public repository. Requesting such a "pull" is made
|
|
easy by the <code>git request-pull</code> command.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Earlier, a typical pull request may have started like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> The following changes since commit 406da78032179...:
|
|
|
|
Froboz 3.2 (2011-09-30 14:20:57 -0700)
|
|
|
|
are available in the Git repository at:
|
|
|
|
example.com:/git/froboz.git for-xyzzy</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>followed by a shortlog of the changes and a diffstat.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The request was for a branch name (e.g. <code>for-xyzzy</code>) in the public
|
|
repository of the contributor, and even though it stated where the
|
|
contributor forked her work from, the message did not say anything about
|
|
the commit to expect at the tip of the for-xyzzy branch. If the site that
|
|
hosts the public repository of the contributor cannot be fully trusted, it
|
|
was unnecessarily hard to make sure what was pulled by the integrator was
|
|
genuinely what the contributor had produced for the project. Also there
|
|
was no easy way for third-party auditors to later verify the resulting
|
|
history.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Starting from Git release v1.7.9, a contributor can add a signed tag to
|
|
the commit at the tip of the history and ask the integrator to pull that
|
|
signed tag. When the integrator runs <code>git pull</code>, the signed tag is
|
|
automatically verified to assure that the history is not tampered with.
|
|
In addition, the resulting merge commit records the content of the signed
|
|
tag, so that other people can verify that the branch merged by the
|
|
integrator was signed by the contributor, without fetching the signed tag
|
|
used to validate the pull request separately and keeping it in the refs
|
|
namespace.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This document describes the workflow between the contributor and the
|
|
integrator, using Git v1.7.9 or later.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_a_contributor_or_a_lieutenant">A contributor or a lieutenant</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>After preparing her work to be pulled, the contributor uses <code>git tag -s</code>
|
|
to create a signed tag:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git checkout work
|
|
$ ... "git pull" from sublieutenants, "git commit" your own work ...
|
|
$ git tag -s -m "Completed frotz feature" frotz-for-xyzzy work</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that this example uses the <code>-m</code> option to create a signed tag with
|
|
just a one-liner message, but this is for illustration purposes only. It
|
|
is advisable to compose a well-written explanation of what the topic does
|
|
to justify why it is worthwhile for the integrator to pull it, as this
|
|
message will eventually become part of the final history after the
|
|
integrator responds to the pull request (as we will see later).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Then she pushes the tag out to her public repository:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git push example.com:/git/froboz.git/ +frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>There is no need to push the <code>work</code> branch or anything else.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Note that the above command line used a plus sign at the beginning of
|
|
<code>+frotz-for-xyzzy</code> to allow forcing the update of a tag, as the same
|
|
contributor may want to reuse a signed tag with the same name after the
|
|
previous pull request has already been responded to.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The contributor then prepares a message to request a "pull":</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git request-pull v3.2 example.com:/git/froboz.git/ frotz-for-xyzzy >msg.txt</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The arguments are:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>the version of the integrator’s commit the contributor based her work on;</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>the URL of the repository, to which the contributor has pushed what she
|
|
wants to get pulled; and</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>the name of the tag the contributor wants to get pulled (earlier, she could
|
|
write only a branch name here).</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The resulting msg.txt file begins like so:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> The following changes since commit 406da78032179...:
|
|
|
|
Froboz 3.2 (2011-09-30 14:20:57 -0700)
|
|
|
|
are available in the Git repository at:
|
|
|
|
example.com:/git/froboz.git tags/frotz-for-xyzzy
|
|
|
|
for you to fetch changes up to 703f05ad5835c...:
|
|
|
|
Add tests and documentation for frotz (2011-12-02 10:02:52 -0800)
|
|
|
|
-----------------------------------------------
|
|
Completed frotz feature
|
|
-----------------------------------------------</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>followed by a shortlog of the changes and a diffstat. Comparing this with
|
|
the earlier illustration of the output from the traditional <code>git request-pull</code>
|
|
command, the reader should notice that:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="olist arabic">
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The tip commit to expect is shown to the integrator; and</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The signed tag message is shown prominently between the dashed lines
|
|
before the shortlog.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The latter is why the contributor would want to justify why pulling her
|
|
work is worthwhile when creating the signed tag. The contributor then
|
|
opens her favorite MUA, reads msg.txt, edits and sends it to her upstream
|
|
integrator.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_integrator">Integrator</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>After receiving such a pull request message, the integrator fetches and
|
|
integrates the tag named in the request, with:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git pull example.com:/git/froboz.git/ tags/frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>This operation will always open an editor to allow the integrator to fine
|
|
tune the commit log message when merging a signed tag. Also, pulling a
|
|
signed tag will always create a merge commit even when the integrator does
|
|
not have any new commit since the contributor’s work forked (i.e. <em>fast
|
|
forward</em>), so that the integrator can properly explain what the merge is
|
|
about and why it was made.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>In the editor, the integrator will see something like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> Merge tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' of example.com:/git/froboz.git/
|
|
|
|
Completed frotz feature
|
|
# gpg: Signature made Fri 02 Dec 2011 10:03:01 AM PST using RSA key ID 96AFE6CB
|
|
# gpg: Good signature from "Con Tributor <nitfol@example.com>"</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>Notice that the message recorded in the signed tag "Completed frotz
|
|
feature" appears here, and again that is why it is important for the
|
|
contributor to explain her work well when creating the signed tag.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>As usual, the lines commented with <code>#</code> are stripped out. The resulting
|
|
commit records the signed tag used for this validation in a hidden field
|
|
so that it can later be used by others to audit the history. There is no
|
|
need for the integrator to keep a separate copy of the tag in his
|
|
repository (i.e. <code>git tag -l</code> won’t list the <code>frotz-for-xyzzy</code> tag in the
|
|
above example), and there is no need to publish the tag to his public
|
|
repository, either.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>After the integrator responds to the pull request and her work becomes
|
|
part of the permanent history, the contributor can remove the tag from
|
|
her public repository, if she chooses, in order to keep the tag namespace
|
|
of her public repository clean, with:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git push example.com:/git/froboz.git :frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sect1">
|
|
<h2 id="_auditors">Auditors</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>The <code>--show-signature</code> option can be given to <code>git log</code> or <code>git show</code> and
|
|
shows the verification status of the embedded signed tag in merge commits
|
|
created when the integrator responded to a pull request of a signed tag.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>A typical output from <code>git show --show-signature</code> may look like this:</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="listingblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre> $ git show --show-signature
|
|
commit 02306ef6a3498a39118aef9df7975bdb50091585
|
|
merged tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy'
|
|
gpg: Signature made Fri 06 Jan 2012 12:41:49 PM PST using RSA key ID 96AFE6CB
|
|
gpg: Good signature from "Con Tributor <nitfol@example.com>"
|
|
Merge: 406da78 703f05a
|
|
Author: Inte Grator <xyzzy@example.com>
|
|
Date: Tue Jan 17 13:49:41 2012 -0800
|
|
|
|
Merge tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' of example.com:/git/froboz.git/
|
|
|
|
Completed frotz feature
|
|
|
|
* tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' (100 commits)
|
|
Add tests and documentation for frotz
|
|
...</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="paragraph">
|
|
<p>There is no need for the auditor to explicitly fetch the contributor’s
|
|
signature, or to even be aware of what tag(s) the contributor and integrator
|
|
used to communicate the signature. All the required information is recorded
|
|
as part of the merge commit.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
<div id="footer-text">
|
|
Last updated 2019-02-26 19:31:11 UTC
|
|
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|
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|
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|
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