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11 changed files with 351 additions and 125 deletions

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@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ Project("{2150E333-8FDC-42A3-9474-1A3956D46DE8}") = "Solution Items", "Solution
..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\__init__.py = ..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\__init__.py
..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\convert_phone_set.py = ..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\convert_phone_set.py
..\toolbox\evaluation.py = ..\toolbox\evaluation.py
..\toolbox\toolbox\file_handling.py = ..\toolbox\toolbox\file_handling.py
..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\htk_dict.py = ..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\htk_dict.py
..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\lexicon.py = ..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\lexicon.py
..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\mlf.py = ..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\mlf.py
@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ Project("{2150E333-8FDC-42A3-9474-1A3956D46DE8}") = "Solution Items", "Solution
..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\test_environment.py = ..\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\test_environment.py
EndProjectSection
EndProject
Project("{888888A0-9F3D-457C-B088-3A5042F75D52}") = "pyhtk", "..\pyhtk\pyhtk\pyhtk.pyproj", "{75FCEFAF-9397-43FC-8189-DE97ADB77AA5}"
Project("{888888A0-9F3D-457C-B088-3A5042F75D52}") = "toolbox", "..\toolbox\toolbox.pyproj", "{F0D46C9C-51C6-4989-8A2F-35F2A0C048BE}"
EndProject
Global
GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
@ -33,8 +32,8 @@ Global
GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
{4D8C8573-32F0-4A62-9E62-3CE5CC680390}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
{4D8C8573-32F0-4A62-9E62-3CE5CC680390}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
{75FCEFAF-9397-43FC-8189-DE97ADB77AA5}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
{75FCEFAF-9397-43FC-8189-DE97ADB77AA5}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
{F0D46C9C-51C6-4989-8A2F-35F2A0C048BE}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
{F0D46C9C-51C6-4989-8A2F-35F2A0C048BE}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
EndGlobalSection
GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
HideSolutionNode = FALSE

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@ -23,12 +23,18 @@
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Compile Include="check_novoapi.py" />
<Compile Include="convert_phone_set.py">
<SubType>Code</SubType>
</Compile>
<Compile Include="convert_xsampa2ipa.py">
<SubType>Code</SubType>
</Compile>
<Compile Include="defaultfiles.py">
<SubType>Code</SubType>
</Compile>
<Compile Include="fame_phoneset.py">
<SubType>Code</SubType>
</Compile>
<Compile Include="fa_test.py">
<SubType>Code</SubType>
</Compile>

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@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
"""Module to convert phonemes."""
def multi_character_tokenize(line, multi_character_tokens):
"""Tries to match one of the tokens in multi_character_tokens at each position of line, starting at position 0,
if so tokenizes and eats that token. Otherwise tokenizes a single character"""
while line != '':
for token in multi_character_tokens:
if line.startswith(token) and len(token) > 0:
yield token
line = line[len(token):]
break
else:
yield line[:1]
line = line[1:]
def split_word(word, multi_character_phones):
"""
split a line by given phoneset.
Args:
word (str): a word written in given phoneset.
multi_character_phones (list): the list of multicharacter phones which is considered as one phone. this can be obtained with phoneset definition such as fame_phoneset.py.
Returns:
(word_seperated) (list): the word splitted in given phoneset.
"""
return [phone for phone in multi_character_tokenize(word.strip(), multi_character_phones)]

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@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ import os
#cygwin_dir = r'C:\cygwin64\home\Aki\acoustic_model'
htk_dir = r'C:\Aki\htk_fame'
#htk_dir = r'C:\Aki\htk_fame'
htk_dir = r'c:\OneDrive\Research\rug\experiments\acoustic_model\fame\htk'
config_hcopy = os.path.join(htk_dir, 'config', 'config.HCopy')
#config_train = os.path.join(cygwin_dir, 'config', 'config.train')
@ -28,22 +29,21 @@ config_hcopy = os.path.join(htk_dir, 'config', 'config.HCopy')
#filePhoneList = config['pyHTK']['filePhoneList']
#AcousticModel = config['pyHTK']['AcousticModel']
repo_dir = r'C:\Users\A.Kunikoshi\source\repos'
repo_dir = r'C:\Users\Aki\source\repos'
ipa_xsampa_converter_dir = os.path.join(repo_dir, 'ipa-xsama-converter')
forced_alignment_module_dir = os.path.join(repo_dir, 'forced_alignment')
accent_classification_dir = os.path.join(repo_dir, 'accent_classification', 'accent_classification')
pyhtk_dir = os.path.join(repo_dir, 'pyhtk', 'pyhtk')
toolbox_dir = os.path.join(repo_dir, 'toolbox', 'toolbox')
toolbox_dir = os.path.join(repo_dir, 'toolbox')
htk_config_dir = r'c:\Users\A.Kunikoshi\source\repos\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\data\htk\preset_models\aki_dutch_2017'
config_hvite = os.path.join(htk_config_dir, 'config.HVite')
#htk_config_dir = r'c:\Users\A.Kunikoshi\source\repos\forced_alignment\forced_alignment\data\htk\preset_models\aki_dutch_2017'
#config_hvite = os.path.join(htk_config_dir, 'config.HVite')
#acoustic_model = os.path.join(htk_config_dir, 'hmmdefs.compo')
acoustic_model = r'c:\cygwin64\home\A.Kunikoshi\acoustic_model\model\barbara\hmm128-2\hmmdefs.compo'
phonelist_txt = os.path.join(htk_config_dir, 'phonelist.txt')
#acoustic_model = r'c:\cygwin64\home\A.Kunikoshi\acoustic_model\model\barbara\hmm128-2\hmmdefs.compo'
#phonelist_txt = os.path.join(htk_config_dir, 'phonelist.txt')
WSL_dir = r'C:\OneDrive\WSL'
#fame_dir = os.path.join(WSL_dir, 'kaldi-trunk', 'egs', 'fame')
fame_dir = r'f:\_corpus\fame'
fame_dir = r'd:\_corpus\fame'
fame_s5_dir = os.path.join(fame_dir, 's5')
fame_corpus_dir = os.path.join(fame_dir, 'corpus')

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
import os
os.chdir(r'C:\Users\A.Kunikoshi\source\repos\acoustic_model\acoustic_model')
os.chdir(r'C:\Users\Aki\source\repos\acoustic_model\acoustic_model')
import sys
from collections import Counter
@ -9,24 +9,8 @@ import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import defaultfiles as default
#sys.path.append(default.forced_alignment_module_dir)
#from forced_alignment import convert_phone_set
#def find_phone(lexicon_file, phone):
# """ Search where the phone is used in the lexicon. """
# with open(lexicon_file, "rt", encoding="utf-8") as fin:
# lines = fin.read()
# lines = lines.split('\n')
# extracted = []
# for line in lines:
# line = line.split('\t')
# if len(line) > 1:
# pronunciation = line[1]
# if phone in pronunciation:
# extracted.append(line)
# return extracted
import fame_phoneset
import convert_phone_set
#def ipa2famehtk_lexicon(lexicon_file_in, lexicon_file_out):
@ -126,25 +110,6 @@ import defaultfiles as default
# return ipa
def make_hcopy_scp_from_filelist_in_fame(fame_dir, dataset, feature_dir, hcopy_scp):
""" Make a script file for HCopy using the filelist in FAME! corpus. """
filelist_txt = os.path.join(fame_dir, 'fame', 'filelists', dataset + 'list.txt')
with open(filelist_txt) as fin:
filelist = fin.read()
filelist = filelist.split('\n')
with open(hcopy_scp, 'w') as fout:
for filename_ in filelist:
filename = filename_.replace('.TextGrid', '')
if len(filename) > 3: # remove '.', '..' and ''
wav_file = os.path.join(fame_dir, 'fame', 'wav', dataset, filename + '.wav')
mfc_file = os.path.join(feature_dir, filename + '.mfc')
fout.write(wav_file + '\t' + mfc_file + '\n')
#def make_filelist(input_dir, output_txt):
# """ Make a list of files in the input_dir. """
# filenames = os.listdir(input_dir)
@ -189,64 +154,147 @@ def make_hcopy_scp_from_filelist_in_fame(fame_dir, dataset, feature_dir, hcopy_s
# f.write('{0}\t{1}\n'.format(WORD, key))
def make_hcopy_scp_from_filelist_in_fame(fame_dir, dataset, feature_dir, hcopy_scp):
""" Make a script file for HCopy using the filelist in FAME! corpus.
Args:
fame_dir (path): the directory of FAME corpus.
dataset (str): 'devel', 'test' or 'train'.
feature_dir (path): the directory where feature will be stored.
hcopy_scp (path): a script file for HCopy to be made.
"""
filelist_txt = os.path.join(fame_dir, 'fame', 'filelists', dataset + 'list.txt')
with open(filelist_txt) as fin:
filelist = fin.read()
filelist = filelist.split('\n')
with open(hcopy_scp, 'w') as fout:
for filename_ in filelist:
filename = filename_.replace('.TextGrid', '')
if len(filename) > 3: # remove '.', '..' and ''
wav_file = os.path.join(fame_dir, 'fame', 'wav', dataset, filename + '.wav')
mfc_file = os.path.join(feature_dir, filename + '.mfc')
fout.write(wav_file + '\t' + mfc_file + '\n')
def load_lexicon(lexicon_file):
""" load lexicon file as Data Frame.
Args:
lexicon_file (path): lexicon in the format of 'word' /t 'pronunciation'.
Returns:
lex (df): lexicon as Data Frame, which has columns 'word' and 'pronunciation'.
"""
lex = pd.read_csv(lexicon_file, delimiter='\t', header=None, encoding="utf-8")
lex.rename(columns={0: 'word', 1: 'pronunciation'}, inplace=True)
return lex
def get_phonelist(lexicon_asr):
""" Make a list of phones which appears in the lexicon. """
#with open(lexicon_file, "rt", encoding="utf-8") as fin:
# lines = fin.read()
# lines = lines.split('\n')
# phonelist = set([])
# for line in lines:
# line = line.split('\t')
# if len(line) > 1:
# pronunciation = set(line[1].split())
# phonelist = phonelist | pronunciation
lex = load_lexicon(lexicon_asr)
return set(' '.join(lex['pronunciation']).split(' '))
import time
timer_start = time.time()
#def get_translation_key():
dir_tmp = r'c:\Users\A.Kunikoshi\source\repos\acoustic_model\_tmp'
lexicon_ipa = r'f:\_corpus\FAME\lexicon\lex.ipa'
lexicon_asr = r'f:\_corpus\FAME\lexicon\lex.asr'
lex_ipa = load_lexicon(lexicon_ipa)
lex_asr = load_lexicon(lexicon_asr)
if 0:
phone_to_be_searched = get_phonelist(lexicon_asr)
translation_key = dict()
for word in lex_asr['word']:
if np.sum(lex_asr['word'] == word) == 1 and np.sum(lex_ipa['word'] == word) == 1:
asr = lex_asr[lex_asr['word'] == word].iat[0, 1]
ipa = lex_ipa[lex_ipa['word'] == word].iat[0, 1]
def get_phoneset_from_lexicon(lexicon_file, phoneset='asr'):
""" Make a list of phones which appears in the lexicon.
Args:
lexicon_file (path): lexicon in the format of 'word' /t 'pronunciation'.
phoneset (str): the phoneset with which lexicon_file is written. 'asr'(default) or 'ipa'.
Returns:
(list_of_phones) (set): the set of phones included in the lexicon_file.
"""
assert phoneset in ['asr', 'ipa'], 'phoneset should be \'asr\' or \'ipa\''
lex = load_lexicon(lexicon_file)
if phoneset == 'asr':
return set(' '.join(lex['pronunciation']).split(' '))
elif phoneset == 'ipa':
join_pronunciations = ''.join(lex['pronunciation'])
return set(convert_phone_set.split_word(join_pronunciations, fame_phoneset.multi_character_phones_ipa))
def extract_unknown_phones(ipa, known_phones):
"""extract unknown phones in the pronunciation written in IPA.
Args:
ipa (str): a pronunciation written in IPA.
known_phones (list): list of phones already know.
Returns:
(list_of_phones) (list): unknown phones not included in 'known_phones'.
"""
ipa_split = convert_phone_set.split_word(ipa, fame_phoneset.multi_character_phones_ipa)
return [i for i in ipa_split if not i in known_phones]
def get_translation_key(lexicon_file_ipa, lexicon_file_asr):
""" get correspondence between lexicon_file_ipa and lexicon_file_asr.
Args:
lexicon_file_ipa (path): lexicon in the format of 'word' /t 'pronunciation (IPA)'.
lexicon_file_asr (path): lexicon in the format of 'word' /t 'pronunciation (asr)'.
the each character of 'pronunciation' should be delimited by ' '.
Returns:
translation_key (dict): translation key from ipa to asr.
(phone_unknown) (list): the list of IPA phones, which does not appear in lexicon_file_asr.
"""
lex_ipa = load_lexicon(lexicon_file_ipa)
lex_asr = load_lexicon(lexicon_file_asr)
phone_unknown = fame_phoneset.phoneset_ipa[:]
translation_key = dict()
for word in lex_ipa['word']:
if np.sum(lex_ipa['word'] == word) == 1 and np.sum(lex_asr['word'] == word) == 1:
ipa = lex_ipa[lex_ipa['word'] == word].iat[0, 1]
asr = lex_asr[lex_asr['word'] == word].iat[0, 1]
ipa_list = convert_phone_set.split_word(ipa, fame_phoneset.multi_character_phones_ipa)
asr_list = asr.split(' ')
# if there are phones which is not in phone_to_be_searched
if len([True for i in asr_list if i in phone_to_be_searched]) > 0:
if(len(ipa) == len(asr_list)):
print("{0}: {1} --> {2}".format(word, ipa, asr))
for ipa_, asr_ in zip(ipa, asr_list):
if asr_ in phone_to_be_searched:
#if not translation_key[ipa_] == asr_:
translation_key[ipa_] = asr_
phone_to_be_searched.remove(asr_)
print("elapsed time: {}".format(time.time() - timer_start))
# if there are phones which is not in phone_unknown
#if len([True for i in asr_list if i in phone_unknown]) > 0:
if(len(ipa_list) == len(asr_list)):
print("{0}: {1} --> {2}".format(word, ipa_list, asr_list))
for ipa_, asr_ in zip(ipa_list, asr_list):
if ipa_ in phone_unknown:
translation_key[ipa_] = asr_
phone_unknown.remove(ipa_)
return translation_key, list(phone_unknown)
np.save(os.path.join(dir_tmp, 'translation_key.npy'), translation_key)
np.save(os.path.join(dir_tmp, 'phone_to_be_searched.npy'), phone_to_be_searched)
else:
translation_key = np.load(os.path.join(dir_tmp, 'translation_key.npy')).item()
phone_to_be_searched = np.load(os.path.join(dir_tmp, 'phone_to_be_searched.npy')).item()
def find_phone(lexicon_file, phone, phoneset='ipa'):
""" extract rows where the phone is used in the lexicon_file.
Args:
lexicon_file (path): lexicon in the format of 'word' /t 'pronunciation'.
phone (str): the phone to be searched.
phoneset (str): the phoneset with which lexicon_file is written. 'asr' or 'ipa'(default).
Returns:
extracted (df): rows where the phone is used.
ToDo:
* develop when the phonset == 'asr'.
"""
assert phoneset in ['asr', 'ipa'], 'phoneset should be \'asr\' or \'ipa\''
lex = load_lexicon(lexicon_file)
# to reduce the calculation time, only target rows which include 'phone' at least once.
lex_ = lex[lex['pronunciation'].str.count(phone)>0]
extracted = pd.DataFrame(index=[], columns=['word', 'pronunciation'])
for index, row in lex_.iterrows():
if phoneset == 'ipa':
pronunciation = convert_phone_set.split_word(row['pronunciation'], fame_phoneset.multi_character_phones_ipa)
if phone in pronunciation:
extracted_ = pd.Series([row['word'], pronunciation], index=extracted.columns)
extracted = extracted.append(extracted_, ignore_index=True)
return extracted

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@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
import sys
import os
os.chdir(r'C:\Users\A.Kunikoshi\source\repos\acoustic_model\acoustic_model')
os.chdir(r'C:\Users\Aki\source\repos\acoustic_model\acoustic_model')
import tempfile
#import configparser
#import subprocess
#from collections import Counter
import time
#import numpy as np
#import pandas as pd
import fame_functions
import defaultfiles as default
sys.path.append(default.pyhtk_dir)
import pyhtk
sys.path.append(default.toolbox_dir)
import file_handling
import file_handling as fh
from htk import pyhtk
## ======================= user define =======================
@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ import file_handling
dataset_list = ['devel', 'test', 'train']
# procedure
extract_features = 1
#conv_lexicon = 0
extract_features = 0
conv_lexicon = 1
#check_lexicon = 0
#make_mlf = 0
#combine_files = 0
@ -85,14 +85,12 @@ if not os.path.exists(tmp_dir):
## ======================= extract features =======================
if extract_features:
for dataset in dataset_list:
#for dataset in ['test']:
print('==== {} ===='.format(dataset))
# a script file for HCopy
print(">>> making a script file for HCopy... \n")
hcopy_scp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', delete=False)
hcopy_scp.close()
#hcopy_scp = os.path.join(default.htk_dir, 'tmp', 'HCopy.scp')
# get a list of features (hcopy.scp) from the filelist in FAME! corpus
feature_dir_ = os.path.join(feature_dir, dataset)
@ -102,31 +100,70 @@ if extract_features:
# extract features
print(">>> extracting features... \n")
fame_functions.make_hcopy_scp_from_filelist_in_fame(default.fame_dir, dataset, feature_dir_, hcopy_scp.name)
#subprocessStr = 'HCopy -C ' + config_hcopy + ' -S ' + hcopy_scp.name
#subprocess.call(subprocessStr, shell=True)
pyhtk.wav2mfc(default.config_hcopy, hcopy_scp.name)
# a script file for HCompV
print(">>> making a script file for HCompV... \n")
## ======================= make a list of features =======================
#if make_feature_list:
# print("==== make a list of features ====\n")
# for dataset in dataset_list:
# print(dataset)
#feature_dir = output_dir + '\\mfc\\' + dataset
hcompv_scp = os.path.join(tmp_dir, dataset + '.scp')
#am_func.make_filelist(feature_dir, hcompv_scp)
file_handling.make_filelist(feature_dir_, hcompv_scp, '.mfc')
fh.make_filelist(feature_dir_, hcompv_scp, '.mfc')
## ======================= convert lexicon from ipa to fame_htk =======================
if conv_lexicon:
print('==== convert lexicon from ipa 2 fame ====\n')
#dir_out = r'c:\Users\Aki\source\repos\acoustic_model\_tmp'
lexicon_dir = os.path.join(default.fame_dir, 'lexicon')
lexicon_ipa = os.path.join(lexicon_dir, 'lex.ipa')
lexicon_asr = os.path.join(lexicon_dir, 'lex.asr')
# get the correspondence between lex_ipa and lex_asr.
lex_asr = fame_functions.load_lexicon(lexicon_asr)
lex_ipa = fame_functions.load_lexicon(lexicon_ipa)
if 1:
timer_start = time.time()
translation_key, phone_unknown = fame_functions.get_translation_key(lexicon_ipa, lexicon_asr)
print("elapsed time: {}".format(time.time() - timer_start))
np.save('translation_key_ipa2asr.npy', translation_key)
np.save('phone_unknown.npy', phone_unknown)
else:
translation_key = np.load('translation_key_ipa2asr.npy').item()
phone_unknown = np.load('phone_unknown.npy')
phone_unknown = list(phone_unknown)
## manually check the correspondence for the phone in phone_unknown.
#p = phone_unknown[0]
#lex_ipa_ = find_phone(lexicon_ipa, p, phoneset='ipa')
#for word in lex_ipa_['word']:
# ipa = lex_ipa[lex_ipa['word'] == word].iat[0, 1]
# if np.sum(lex_asr['word'] == word) > 0:
# asr = lex_asr[lex_asr['word'] == word].iat[0, 1]
# ipa_list = convert_phone_set.split_word(ipa, fame_phoneset.multi_character_phones_ipa)
# asr_list = asr.split(' ')
# if p in ipa_list and (len(ipa_list) == len(asr_list)):
# print("{0}: {1} --> {2}".format(word, ipa_list, asr_list))
# for ipa_, asr_ in zip(ipa_list, asr_list):
# if ipa_ in phone_unknown:
# translation_key[ipa_] = asr_
# phone_unknown.remove(ipa_)
## check if all the phones in lexicon_ipa are in fame_phoneset.py.
#timer_start = time.time()
#phoneset_lex = get_phoneset_from_lexicon(lexicon_ipa, phoneset='ipa')
#print("elapsed time: {}".format(time.time() - timer_start))
#phoneset_py = fame_phoneset.phoneset_ipa
#set(phoneset_lex) - set(phoneset_py)
##timer_start = time.time()
##extracted = find_phone(lexicon_ipa, 'ⁿ')
##print("elapsed time: {}".format(time.time() - timer_start))
# lex.asr is Kaldi compatible version of lex.ipa.
# to check...
@ -140,13 +177,13 @@ if conv_lexicon:
# fout.write("{0}\t{1}\n".format(word, ' '.join(pronunciation_split)))
# convert each lexicon from ipa description to fame_htk phoneset.
am_func.ipa2famehtk_lexicon(lex_oov, lex_oov_htk)
am_func.ipa2famehtk_lexicon(lex_asr, lex_asr_htk)
#am_func.ipa2famehtk_lexicon(lex_oov, lex_oov_htk)
#am_func.ipa2famehtk_lexicon(lex_asr, lex_asr_htk)
# combine lexicon
# pronunciations which is not found in lex.asr are generated using G2P and listed in lex.oov.
# therefore there is no overlap between lex_asr and lex_oov.
am_func.combine_lexicon(lex_asr_htk, lex_oov_htk, lex_htk)
#am_func.combine_lexicon(lex_asr_htk, lex_oov_htk, lex_htk)
## ======================= check if all the phones are successfully converted =======================

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@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
""" definition of the phones to be used. """
## phones in IPA.
phoneset_ipa = [
# vowels
'',
'i̯ⁿ',
'y',
'i',
'i.',
'iⁿ',
'i:',
'i:ⁿ',
'ɪ',
'ɪⁿ',
'ɪ.',
#'ɪ:', # not included in lex.ipa
'ɪ:ⁿ',
'e',
'e:',
'e:ⁿ',
'ə',
'əⁿ',
'ə:',
'ɛ',
'ɛ.',
'ɛⁿ',
'ɛ:',
'ɛ:ⁿ',
'a',
'aⁿ',
'a.',
'a:',
'a:ⁿ',
'',
'ṷ.',
'ṷⁿ',
#'ú', # only appears in word 'feeste'(út) and 'gaste'(út) which are 'f e: s t ə' and 'yn' in lex_asr.
'u',
'uⁿ',
'u.',
'u:',
'u:ⁿ',
'ü',
'ü.',
'üⁿ',
'ü:',
'ü:ⁿ',
'o',
'oⁿ',
'o.',
'o:',
'o:ⁿ',
'ö',
'ö.',
'öⁿ',
'ö:',
'ö:ⁿ',
'ɔ',
'ɔ.',
'ɔⁿ',
'ɔ:',
'ɔ:ⁿ',
#'ɔ̈', # not included in lex.ipa
'ɔ̈.',
'ɔ̈:',
# plosives
'p',
'b',
't',
'tⁿ',
'd',
'k',
'g',
'ɡ', # = 'g'
# nasals
'm',
'n',
'ŋ',
# fricatives
'f',
'v',
's',
's:',
'z',
'zⁿ',
'x',
'h',
# tap and flip
'r',
'r.', # only appears in word 'mearpartijestelsel'(does not exist in lex_asr) and 'tenoarpartij'.
'r:', # only appears in word 'mûsearflearmûs' and 'sjochdêr'.
# approximant
'j',
'j.',
'l'
]
## the list of multi character phones.
# for example, the length of 'i̯ⁿ' is 3, but in the codes it is treated as one letter.
multi_character_phones_ipa = [i for i in phoneset_ipa if len(i) > 1]
multi_character_phones_ipa.sort(key=len, reverse=True)