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<a class="navbar-brand me-2" href="../index.html">AMR (for R)</a>
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<small class="nav-text text-muted me-auto" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom" title="">2.1.1.9066</small>
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<small class="nav-text text-muted me-auto" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom" title="">2.1.1.9073</small>
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<button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbar" aria-controls="navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
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@ -354,26 +354,27 @@
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<ul><li><p>An <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/integer.html" class="external-link">integer</a> in case of <code>mo_year()</code></p></li>
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<li><p>An <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/factor.html" class="external-link">ordered factor</a> in case of <code>mo_pathogenicity()</code></p></li>
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<li><p>A <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html" class="external-link">list</a> in case of <code>mo_taxonomy()</code>, <code>mo_synonyms()</code>, <code>mo_snomed()</code> and <code>mo_info()</code></p></li>
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<li><p>A named <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/character.html" class="external-link">character</a> in case of <code>mo_url()</code></p></li>
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<li><p>A <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/list.html" class="external-link">list</a> in case of <code>mo_taxonomy()</code>, <code>mo_synonyms()</code>, <code>mo_snomed()</code>, and <code>mo_info()</code></p></li>
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<li><p>A <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/logical.html" class="external-link">logical</a> in case of <code>mo_is_anaerobic()</code>, <code>mo_is_gram_negative()</code>, <code>mo_is_gram_positive()</code>, <code>mo_is_intrinsic_resistant()</code>, and <code>mo_is_yeast()</code></p></li>
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<li><p>A named <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/character.html" class="external-link">character</a> in case of <code>mo_synonyms()</code> and <code>mo_url()</code></p></li>
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<li><p>A <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/character.html" class="external-link">character</a> in all other cases</p></li>
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</ul></div>
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<div class="section level2">
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<h2 id="details">Details<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#details"></a></h2>
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<p>All functions will, at default, <strong>not</strong> keep old taxonomic properties, as synonyms are automatically replaced with the current taxonomy. Take for example <em>Enterobacter aerogenes</em>, which was initially named in 1960 but renamed to <em>Klebsiella aerogenes</em> in 2017:</p><ul><li><p><code>mo_genus("Enterobacter aerogenes")</code> will return <code>"Klebsiella"</code> (with a note about the renaming)</p></li>
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<li><p><code>mo_genus("Enterobacter aerogenes", keep_synonyms = TRUE)</code> will return <code>"Enterobacter"</code> (with a once-per-session warning that the name is outdated)</p></li>
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<li><p><code>mo_ref("Enterobacter aerogenes")</code> will return <code>"Tindall et al., 2017"</code> (with a note)</p></li>
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<li><p><code>mo_ref("Enterobacter aerogenes", keep_synonyms = TRUE)</code> will return <code>"Hormaeche et al., 1960"</code> (with a warning)</p></li>
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<li><p><code>mo_ref("Enterobacter aerogenes")</code> will return <code>"Tindall et al., 2017"</code> (with a note about the renaming)</p></li>
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<li><p><code>mo_ref("Enterobacter aerogenes", keep_synonyms = TRUE)</code> will return <code>"Hormaeche et al., 1960"</code> (with a once-per-session warning that the name is outdated)</p></li>
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</ul><p>The short name (<code>mo_shortname()</code>) returns the first character of the genus and the full species, such as <code>"E. coli"</code>, for species and subspecies. Exceptions are abbreviations of staphylococci (such as <em>"CoNS"</em>, Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci) and beta-haemolytic streptococci (such as <em>"GBS"</em>, Group B Streptococci). Please bear in mind that e.g. <em>E. coli</em> could mean <em>Escherichia coli</em> (kingdom of Bacteria) as well as <em>Entamoeba coli</em> (kingdom of Protozoa). Returning to the full name will be done using <code><a href="as.mo.html">as.mo()</a></code> internally, giving priority to bacteria and human pathogens, i.e. <code>"E. coli"</code> will be considered <em>Escherichia coli</em>. As a result, <code>mo_fullname(mo_shortname("Entamoeba coli"))</code> returns <code>"Escherichia coli"</code>.</p>
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<p>Since the top-level of the taxonomy is sometimes referred to as 'kingdom' and sometimes as 'domain', the functions <code>mo_kingdom()</code> and <code>mo_domain()</code> return the exact same results.</p>
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<p>Determination of human pathogenicity (<code>mo_pathogenicity()</code>) is strongly based on Bartlett <em>et al.</em> (2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001269" class="external-link">doi:10.1099/mic.0.001269</a>
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). This function returns a <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/factor.html" class="external-link">factor</a> with the levels <em>Pathogenic</em>, <em>Potentially pathogenic</em>, <em>Non-pathogenic</em>, and <em>Unknown</em>.</p>
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<p>Determination of the Gram stain (<code>mo_gramstain()</code>) will be based on the taxonomic kingdom and phylum. Originally, Cavalier-Smith defined the so-called subkingdoms Negibacteria and Posibacteria (2002, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11837318/" class="external-link">PMID 11837318</a>), and only considered these phyla as Posibacteria: Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Tenericutes. These phyla were later renamed to Actinomycetota, Chloroflexota, Bacillota, and Mycoplasmatota (2021, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34694987/" class="external-link">PMID 34694987</a>). Bacteria in these phyla are considered Gram-positive in this <code>AMR</code> package, except for members of the class Negativicutes (within phylum Bacillota) which are Gram-negative. All other bacteria are considered Gram-negative. Species outside the kingdom of Bacteria will return a value <code>NA</code>. Functions <code>mo_is_gram_negative()</code> and <code>mo_is_gram_positive()</code> always return <code>TRUE</code> or <code>FALSE</code> (or <code>NA</code> when the input is <code>NA</code> or the MO code is <code>UNKNOWN</code>), thus always return <code>FALSE</code> for species outside the taxonomic kingdom of Bacteria.</p>
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<p>Determination of yeasts (<code>mo_is_yeast()</code>) will be based on the taxonomic kingdom and class. <em>Budding yeasts</em> are fungi of the phylum Ascomycota, class Saccharomycetes (also called Hemiascomycetes). <em>True yeasts</em> are aggregated into the underlying order Saccharomycetales. Thus, for all microorganisms that are member of the taxonomic class Saccharomycetes, the function will return <code>TRUE</code>. It returns <code>FALSE</code> otherwise (or <code>NA</code> when the input is <code>NA</code> or the MO code is <code>UNKNOWN</code>).</p>
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<p>Determination of yeasts (<code>mo_is_yeast()</code>) will be based on the taxonomic kingdom and class. <em>Budding yeasts</em> are yeasts that reproduce asexually through a process called budding, where a new cell develops from a small protrusion on the parent cell. Taxonomically, these are members of the phylum Ascomycota, class Saccharomycetes (also called Hemiascomycetes) or Pichiomycetes. <em>True yeasts</em> quite specifically refers to yeasts in the underlying order Saccharomycetales (such as <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>). Thus, for all microorganisms that are member of the taxonomic class Saccharomycetes or Pichiomycetes, the function will return <code>TRUE</code>. It returns <code>FALSE</code> otherwise (or <code>NA</code> when the input is <code>NA</code> or the MO code is <code>UNKNOWN</code>).</p>
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<p>Determination of intrinsic resistance (<code>mo_is_intrinsic_resistant()</code>) will be based on the <a href="intrinsic_resistant.html">intrinsic_resistant</a> data set, which is based on <a href="https://www.eucast.org/expert_rules_and_expected_phenotypes" class="external-link">'EUCAST Expert Rules' and 'EUCAST Intrinsic Resistance and Unusual Phenotypes' v3.3</a> (2021). The <code>mo_is_intrinsic_resistant()</code> function can be vectorised over both argument <code>x</code> (input for microorganisms) and <code>ab</code> (input for antibiotics).</p>
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<p>Determination of bacterial oxygen tolerance (<code>mo_oxygen_tolerance()</code>) will be based on BacDive, see <em>Source</em>. The function <code>mo_is_anaerobic()</code> only returns <code>TRUE</code> if the oxygen tolerance is <code>"anaerobe"</code>, indicting an obligate anaerobic species or genus. It always returns <code>FALSE</code> for species outside the taxonomic kingdom of Bacteria.</p>
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<p>The function <code>mo_url()</code> will return the direct URL to the online database entry, which also shows the scientific reference of the concerned species.</p>
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<p>SNOMED codes (<code>mo_snomed()</code>) are from the version of July 16th, 2024. See <em>Source</em> and the <a href="microorganisms.html">microorganisms</a> data set for more info.</p>
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<p>The function <code>mo_url()</code> will return the direct URL to the online database entry, which also shows the scientific reference of the concerned species. <a href="https://www.mycobank.org" class="external-link">This MycoBank URL</a> will be used for fungi wherever available , <a href="https://www.mycobank.org" class="external-link">this LPSN URL</a> for bacteria wherever available, and <a href="https://www.gbif.org" class="external-link">this GBIF link</a> otherwise.</p>
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<p>SNOMED codes (<code>mo_snomed()</code>) was last updated on July 16th, 2024. See <em>Source</em> and the <a href="microorganisms.html">microorganisms</a> data set for more info.</p>
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<p>Old taxonomic names (so-called 'synonyms') can be retrieved with <code>mo_synonyms()</code> (which will have the scientific reference as <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/names.html" class="external-link">name</a>), the current taxonomic name can be retrieved with <code>mo_current()</code>. Both functions return full names.</p>
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<p>All output <a href="translate.html">will be translated</a> where possible.</p>
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</div>
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@ -387,21 +388,18 @@
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<h2 id="source">Source<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#source"></a></h2>
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<ol><li><p>Berends MS <em>et al.</em> (2022). <strong>AMR: An R Package for Working with Antimicrobial Resistance Data</strong>. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em>, 104(3), 1-31; <a href="https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v104.i03" class="external-link">doi:10.18637/jss.v104.i03</a></p></li>
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<li><p>Becker K <em>et al.</em> (2014). <strong>Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci.</strong> <em>Clin Microbiol Rev.</em> 27(4): 870-926; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00109-13" class="external-link">doi:10.1128/CMR.00109-13</a></p></li>
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<li><p>Becker K <em>et al.</em> (2019). <strong>Implications of identifying the recently defined members of the <em>S. aureus</em> complex, <em>S. argenteus</em> and <em>S. schweitzeri</em>: A position paper of members of the ESCMID Study Group for staphylococci and Staphylococcal Diseases (ESGS).</strong> <em>Clin Microbiol Infect</em>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.028" class="external-link">doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.028</a></p></li>
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<li><p>Becker K <em>et al.</em> (2020). <strong>Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci.</strong> <em>Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther.</em> 18(4):349-366; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2020.1730813" class="external-link">doi:10.1080/14787210.2020.1730813</a></p></li>
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<li><p>Lancefield RC (1933). <strong>A serological differentiation of human and other groups of hemolytic streptococci.</strong> <em>J Exp Med.</em> 57(4): 571-95; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.57.4.571" class="external-link">doi:10.1084/jem.57.4.571</a></p></li>
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<li><p>Berends MS <em>et al.</em> (2022). <strong>Trends in Occurrence and Phenotypic Resistance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) Found in Human Blood in the Northern Netherlands between 2013 and 2019/</strong> <em>Micro.rganisms</em> 10(9), 1801; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091801" class="external-link">doi:10.3390/microorganisms10091801</a></p></li>
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<ul><li><p>Berends MS <em>et al.</em> (2022). <strong>AMR: An R Package for Working with Antimicrobial Resistance Data</strong>. <em>Journal of Statistical Software</em>, 104(3), 1-31; <a href="https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v104.i03" class="external-link">doi:10.18637/jss.v104.i03</a></p></li>
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<li><p>Parte, AC <em>et al.</em> (2020). <strong>List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ.</strong> International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 70, 5607-5612; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004332" class="external-link">doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332</a>
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. Accessed from <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de" class="external-link">https://lpsn.dsmz.de</a> on June 24th, 2024.</p></li>
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<li><p>Vincent, R <em>et al</em> (2013). <strong>MycoBank gearing up for new horizons.</strong> IMA Fungus, 4(2), 371-9; <a href="https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.02.16" class="external-link">doi:10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.02.16</a>
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. Accessed from <a href="https://www.mycobank.org" class="external-link">https://www.mycobank.org</a> on June 24th, 2024.</p></li>
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<li><p>GBIF Secretariat (2023). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei" class="external-link">doi:10.15468/39omei</a>
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. Accessed from <a href="https://www.gbif.org" class="external-link">https://www.gbif.org</a> on June 24th, 2024.</p></li>
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<li><p>Reimer, LC <em>et al.</em> (2022). <strong><em>BacDive</em> in 2022: the knowledge base for standardized bacterial and archaeal data.</strong> Nucleic Acids Res., 50(D1):D741-D74; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab961" class="external-link">doi:10.1093/nar/gkab961</a>
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. Accessed from <a href="https://bacdive.dsmz.de" class="external-link">https://bacdive.dsmz.de</a> on July 16th, 2024.</p></li>
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<li><p>Public Health Information Network Vocabulary Access and Distribution System (PHIN VADS). US Edition of SNOMED CT from 1 September 2020. Value Set Name 'Microorganism', OID 2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.1009 (v12). URL: <a href="https://phinvads.cdc.gov" class="external-link">https://phinvads.cdc.gov</a></p></li>
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<li><p>Bartlett A <em>et al.</em> (2022). <strong>A comprehensive list of bacterial pathogens infecting humans</strong> <em>Microbiology</em> 168:001269; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001269" class="external-link">doi:10.1099/mic.0.001269</a></p></li>
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</ol></div>
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</ul></div>
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<div class="section level2">
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<h2 id="reference-data-publicly-available">Reference Data Publicly Available<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reference-data-publicly-available"></a></h2>
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@ -465,13 +463,15 @@
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> Klebsiella pneumoniae </span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> "https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/klebsiella-pneumoniae" </span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_is_yeast</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html" class="external-link">c</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Candida"</span>, <span class="st">"Trichophyton"</span>, <span class="st">"Klebsiella"</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE</span>
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<span class="r-in"><span></span></span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_group_members</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Streptococcus group A"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "Streptococcus pyogenes"</span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_group_members</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html" class="external-link">c</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Streptococcus group C"</span>,</span></span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_group_members</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html" class="external-link">c</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Streptococcus group A"</span>,</span></span>
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<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="st">"Streptococcus group C"</span>,</span></span>
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<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="st">"Streptococcus group G"</span>,</span></span>
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<span class="r-in"><span> <span class="st">"Streptococcus group L"</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> $`Streptococcus Group A`</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "Streptococcus pyogenes"</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> </span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> $`Streptococcus Group C`</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "Streptococcus dysgalactiae" </span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [2] "Streptococcus dysgalactiae dysgalactiae"</span>
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@ -502,15 +502,23 @@
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "Tindall et al."</span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_year</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Klebsiella aerogenes"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] 2017</span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_synonyms</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Klebsiella aerogenes"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> Hormaeche et al., 1960 Bascomb et al., 1971 </span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> "Enterobacter aerogenes" "Klebsiella mobilis" </span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_lpsn</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Klebsiella aerogenes"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "777146"</span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_gbif</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Klebsiella aerogenes"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "9281703"</span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_mycobank</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Candida albicans"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "256187"</span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_synonyms</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Klebsiella aerogenes"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> Hormaeche et al., 1960 Bascomb et al., 1971 </span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> "Enterobacter aerogenes" "Klebsiella mobilis" </span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_mycobank</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Candida krusei"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "337013"</span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="fu">mo_mycobank</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Candida krusei"</span>, keep_synonyms <span class="op">=</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span><span class="op">)</span></span></span>
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<span class="r-wrn co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> <span class="warning">Warning: </span>Function as.mo() returned one old taxonomic name. Use as.mo(...,</span>
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<span class="r-wrn co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> keep_synonyms = FALSE) to clean the input to currently accepted taxonomic</span>
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<span class="r-wrn co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> names, or set the R option AMR_keep_synonyms to FALSE. This warning</span>
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<span class="r-wrn co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> will be shown once per session.</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "268707"</span>
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<span class="r-in"><span></span></span>
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<span class="r-in"><span></span></span>
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<span class="r-in"><span><span class="co"># abbreviations known in the field -----------------------------------------</span></span></span>
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@ -737,6 +745,9 @@
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> $lpsn</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "777151"</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> </span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> $mycobank</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] NA</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> </span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> $gbif</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> [1] "3221874"</span>
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<span class="r-out co"><span class="r-pr">#></span> </span>
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