One of the most important features of this package is the complete microbial taxonomic database, supplied by the Catalogue of Life. We created a function as.mo() that transforms any user input value to a valid microbial ID by using intelligent rules combined with the taxonomic tree of Catalogue of Life.
Using the microbenchmark package, we can review the calculation performance of this function. Its function microbenchmark() runs different input expressions independently of each other and measures their time-to-result.
In the next test, we try to ‘coerce’ different input values into the microbial code of Staphylococcus aureus. Coercion is a computational process of forcing output based on an input. For microorganism names, coercing user input to taxonomically valid microorganism names is crucial to ensure correct interpretation and to enable grouping based on taxonomic properties.
The actual result is the same every time: it returns its microorganism code B_STPHY_AURS (B stands for Bacteria, the taxonomic kingdom).
But the calculation time differs a lot:
S.aureus <- microbenchmark( as.mo("sau"), # WHONET code as.mo("stau"), as.mo("STAU"), as.mo("staaur"), as.mo("STAAUR"), as.mo("S. aureus"), as.mo("S aureus"), as.mo("Staphylococcus aureus"), # official taxonomic name as.mo("Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)"), # additional text as.mo("Sthafilokkockus aaureuz"), # incorrect spelling as.mo("MRSA"), # Methicillin Resistant S. aureus as.mo("VISA"), # Vancomycin Intermediate S. aureus as.mo("VRSA"), # Vancomycin Resistant S. aureus as.mo(22242419), # Catalogue of Life ID times = 10) print(S.aureus, unit = "ms", signif = 2) # Unit: milliseconds # expr min lq mean median uq max neval # as.mo("sau") 10.0 11.0 11 11.0 11.0 11 10 # as.mo("stau") 39.0 43.0 54 44.0 70.0 72 10 # as.mo("STAU") 43.0 44.0 52 47.0 68.0 71 10 # as.mo("staaur") 9.6 9.8 11 11.0 12.0 13 10 # as.mo("STAAUR") 9.6 11.0 17 11.0 11.0 45 10 # as.mo("S. aureus") 15.0 17.0 26 18.0 43.0 50 10 # as.mo("S aureus") 16.0 17.0 23 18.0 21.0 44 10 # as.mo("Staphylococcus aureus") 6.0 6.0 12 6.9 7.2 40 10 # as.mo("Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)") 660.0 740.0 780 780.0 810.0 870 10 # as.mo("Sthafilokkockus aaureuz") 370.0 430.0 470 450.0 460.0 760 10 # as.mo("MRSA") 9.5 9.6 13 11.0 11.0 35 10 # as.mo("VISA") 25.0 26.0 38 30.0 50.0 58 10 # as.mo("VRSA") 25.0 29.0 55 55.0 56.0 150 10 # as.mo(22242419) 130.0 150.0 160 160.0 170.0 170 10
In the table above, all measurements are shown in milliseconds (thousands of seconds). A value of 5 milliseconds means it can determine 200 input values per second. It case of 100 milliseconds, this is only 10 input values per second.
To achieve this speed, the as.mo function also takes into account the prevalence of human pathogenic microorganisms. The downside of this is of course that less prevalent microorganisms will be determined less fast. See this example for the ID of Methanosarcina semesiae (B_MTHNSR_SEMS), a bug probably never found before in humans:
M.semesiae <- microbenchmark(as.mo("metsem"), as.mo("METSEM"), as.mo("M. semesiae"), as.mo("M. semesiae"), as.mo("Methanosarcina semesiae"), times = 10) print(M.semesiae, unit = "ms", signif = 4) # Unit: milliseconds # expr min lq mean median uq # as.mo("metsem") 1629.000 1648.000 1694.000 1681.000 1734.000 # as.mo("METSEM") 1577.000 1604.000 1675.000 1685.000 1700.000 # as.mo("M. semesiae") 17.390 17.470 26.150 18.020 43.560 # as.mo("M. semesiae") 17.390 17.880 27.570 18.310 45.910 # as.mo("Methanosarcina semesiae") 6.988 7.067 7.443 7.262 7.733 # max neval # 1825.000 10 # 1793.000 10 # 48.390 10 # 50.960 10 # 8.381 10
That takes 5.6 times as much time on average. We can conclude that looking up arbitrary codes of less prevalent microorganisms is the worst way to go, in terms of calculation performance. Full names (like Methanosarcina semesiae) are always very fast and only take some thousands of seconds to coerce - they are the most probable input from most data sets.
In the figure below, we compare Escherichia coli (which is very common) with Prevotella brevis (which is moderately common) and with Methanosarcina semesiae (which is uncommon):
Uncommon microorganisms take a lot more time than common microorganisms. To relieve this pitfall and further improve performance, two important calculations take almost no time at all: repetitive results and already precalculated results.
Repetitive results
Repetitive results are unique values that are present more than once. Unique values will only be calculated once by as.mo(). We will use mo_name() for this test - a helper function that returns the full microbial name (genus, species and possibly subspecies) which uses as.mo() internally.
library(dplyr) # take all MO codes from the example_isolates data set x <- example_isolates$mo %>% # keep only the unique ones unique() %>% # pick 50 of them at random sample(50) %>% # paste that 10,000 times rep(10000) %>% # scramble it sample() # got indeed 50 times 10,000 = half a million? length(x) # [1] 500000 # and how many unique values do we have? n_distinct(x) # [1] 50 # now let's see: run_it <- microbenchmark(mo_name(x), times = 100) print(run_it, unit = "ms", signif = 3) # Unit: milliseconds # expr min lq mean median uq max neval # mo_name(x) 1730 1790 1830 1810 1860 2030 100
So transforming 500,000 values (!!) of 50 unique values only takes 1.81 seconds (1814 ms). You only lose time on your unique input values.
Precalculated results
What about precalculated results? If the input is an already precalculated result of a helper function like mo_name(), it almost doesn’t take any time at all (see ‘C’ below):
run_it <- microbenchmark(A = mo_name("B_STPHY_AURS"), B = mo_name("S. aureus"), C = mo_name("Staphylococcus aureus"), times = 10) print(run_it, unit = "ms", signif = 3) # Unit: milliseconds # expr min lq mean median uq max neval # A 7.26 7.390 8.020 7.450 7.500 11.100 10 # B 15.30 15.700 20.500 15.800 17.000 56.300 10 # C 0.58 0.718 0.735 0.726 0.747 0.927 10
So going from mo_name("Staphylococcus aureus") to "Staphylococcus aureus" takes 0.0007 seconds - it doesn’t even start calculating if the result would be the same as the expected resulting value. That goes for all helper functions:
run_it <- microbenchmark(A = mo_species("aureus"), B = mo_genus("Staphylococcus"), C = mo_name("Staphylococcus aureus"), D = mo_family("Staphylococcaceae"), E = mo_order("Bacillales"), F = mo_class("Bacilli"), G = mo_phylum("Firmicutes"), H = mo_kingdom("Bacteria"), times = 10) print(run_it, unit = "ms", signif = 3) # Unit: milliseconds # expr min lq mean median uq max neval # A 0.380 0.386 0.397 0.394 0.397 0.434 10 # B 0.413 0.417 0.444 0.424 0.430 0.627 10 # C 0.574 0.680 0.707 0.730 0.735 0.776 10 # D 0.407 0.419 0.430 0.430 0.435 0.470 10 # E 0.374 0.381 0.401 0.397 0.424 0.438 10 # F 0.366 0.380 0.389 0.387 0.395 0.422 10 # G 0.367 0.377 0.388 0.383 0.392 0.420 10 # H 0.368 0.374 0.386 0.382 0.390 0.430 10
Of course, when running mo_phylum("Firmicutes") the function has zero knowledge about the actual microorganism, namely S. aureus. But since the result would be "Firmicutes" anyway, there is no point in calculating the result. And because this package ‘knows’ all phyla of all known bacteria (according to the Catalogue of Life), it can just return the initial value immediately.
Results in other languages
When the system language is non-English and supported by this AMR package, some functions will have a translated result. This almost does’t take extra time:
mo_name("CoNS", language = "en") # or just mo_name("CoNS") on an English system # [1] "Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS)" mo_name("CoNS", language = "es") # or just mo_name("CoNS") on a Spanish system # [1] "Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo (SCN)" mo_name("CoNS", language = "nl") # or just mo_name("CoNS") on a Dutch system # [1] "Coagulase-negatieve Staphylococcus (CNS)" run_it <- microbenchmark(en = mo_name("CoNS", language = "en"), de = mo_name("CoNS", language = "de"), nl = mo_name("CoNS", language = "nl"), es = mo_name("CoNS", language = "es"), it = mo_name("CoNS", language = "it"), fr = mo_name("CoNS", language = "fr"), pt = mo_name("CoNS", language = "pt"), times = 100) print(run_it, unit = "ms", signif = 4) # Unit: milliseconds # expr min lq mean median uq max neval # en 26.72 28.52 32.86 29.31 30.18 69.18 100 # de 27.86 30.67 40.23 31.44 46.42 170.40 100 # nl 34.45 36.94 44.89 37.95 40.54 76.41 100 # es 27.89 30.51 38.46 31.33 32.89 170.10 100 # it 29.15 30.37 35.85 31.04 32.39 65.33 100 # fr 28.18 30.37 35.80 31.11 32.25 78.14 100 # pt 28.23 30.55 36.89 31.32 32.77 67.79 100
Currently supported are German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, French and Portuguese.