Determine First Isolates

Determine first isolates of all microorganisms of every patient per episode and (if needed) per specimen type. These functions support all four methods as summarised by Hindler et al. in 2007 (doi:10.1086/511864 ). To determine patient episodes not necessarily based on microorganisms, use is_new_episode() that also supports grouping with the dplyr package.

Usage

first_isolate(
  x = NULL,
  col_date = NULL,
  col_patient_id = NULL,
  col_mo = NULL,
  col_testcode = NULL,
  col_specimen = NULL,
  col_icu = NULL,
  col_keyantimicrobials = NULL,
  episode_days = 365,
  testcodes_exclude = NULL,
  icu_exclude = FALSE,
  specimen_group = NULL,
  type = "points",
  method = c("phenotype-based", "episode-based", "patient-based", "isolate-based"),
  ignore_I = TRUE,
  points_threshold = 2,
  info = interactive(),
  include_unknown = FALSE,
  include_untested_sir = TRUE,
  ...
)

filter_first_isolate(
  x = NULL,
  col_date = NULL,
  col_patient_id = NULL,
  col_mo = NULL,
  episode_days = 365,
  method = c("phenotype-based", "episode-based", "patient-based", "isolate-based"),
  ...
)

Source

Methodology of this function is strictly based on:

• M39 Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data, 5th Edition, 2022, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m39/.

• Hindler JF and Stelling J (2007). Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antibiograms: A New Consensus Guideline from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 44(6), 867-873. doi:10.1086/511864

Arguments

x

a data.frame containing isolates. Can be left blank for automatic determination, see Examples.

col_date

column name of the result date (or date that is was received on the lab), defaults to the first column with a date class

col_patient_id

column name of the unique IDs of the patients, defaults to the first column that starts with 'patient' or 'patid' (case insensitive)

col_mo

column name of the names or codes of the microorganisms (see as.mo()), defaults to the first column of class mo. Values will be coerced using as.mo().

col_testcode

column name of the test codes. Use col_testcode = NULL to not exclude certain test codes (such as test codes for screening). In that case testcodes_exclude will be ignored.

col_specimen

column name of the specimen type or group

col_icu

column name of the logicals (TRUE/FALSE) whether a ward or department is an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). This can also be a logical vector with the same length as rows in x.

col_keyantimicrobials

(only useful when method = "phenotype-based") column name of the key antimicrobials to determine first isolates, see key_antimicrobials(). Defaults to the first column that starts with 'key' followed by 'ab' or 'antibiotics' or 'antimicrobials' (case insensitive). Use col_keyantimicrobials = FALSE to prevent this. Can also be the output of key_antimicrobials().

episode_days

episode in days after which a genus/species combination will be determined as 'first isolate' again. The default of 365 days is based on the guideline by CLSI, see Source.

testcodes_exclude

a character vector with test codes that should be excluded (case-insensitive)

icu_exclude

a logical to indicate whether ICU isolates should be excluded (rows with value TRUE in the column set with col_icu)

specimen_group

value in the column set with col_specimen to filter on

type

type to determine weighed isolates; can be "keyantimicrobials" or "points", see Details

method

the method to apply, either "phenotype-based", "episode-based", "patient-based" or "isolate-based" (can be abbreviated), see Details. The default is "phenotype-based" if antimicrobial test results are present in the data, and "episode-based" otherwise.

ignore_I

logical to indicate whether antibiotic interpretations with "I" will be ignored when type = "keyantimicrobials", see Details

points_threshold

minimum number of points to require before differences in the antibiogram will lead to inclusion of an isolate when type = "points", see Details

info

a logical to indicate info should be printed, defaults to TRUE only in interactive mode

include_unknown

a logical to indicate whether 'unknown' microorganisms should be included too, i.e. microbial code "UNKNOWN", which defaults to FALSE. For WHONET users, this means that all records with organism code "con" (contamination) will be excluded at default. Isolates with a microbial ID of NA will always be excluded as first isolate.

include_untested_sir

a logical to indicate whether also rows without antibiotic results are still eligible for becoming a first isolate. Use include_untested_sir = FALSE to always return FALSE for such rows. This checks the data set for columns of class sir and consequently requires transforming columns with antibiotic results using as.sir() first.

...

arguments passed on to first_isolate() when using filter_first_isolate(), otherwise arguments passed on to key_antimicrobials() (such as universal, gram_negative, gram_positive)

Value

A logical vector

Details

To conduct epidemiological analyses on antimicrobial resistance data, only so-called first isolates should be included to prevent overestimation and underestimation of antimicrobial resistance. Different methods can be used to do so, see below.

These functions are context-aware. This means that the x argument can be left blank if used inside a data.frame call, see Examples.

The first_isolate() function is a wrapper around the is_new_episode() function, but more efficient for data sets containing microorganism codes or names.

All isolates with a microbial ID of NA will be excluded as first isolate.

Different methods

According to Hindler et al. (2007, doi:10.1086/511864 ), there are different methods (algorithms) to select first isolates with increasing reliability: isolate-based, patient-based, episode-based and phenotype-based. All methods select on a combination of the taxonomic genus and species (not subspecies).

All mentioned methods are covered in the first_isolate() function:

Method	Function to apply
Isolate-based	first_isolate(x, method = "isolate-based")
(= all isolates)
Patient-based	first_isolate(x, method = "patient-based")
(= first isolate per patient)
Episode-based	first_isolate(x, method = "episode-based"), or:
(= first isolate per episode)
- 7-Day interval from initial isolate	- first_isolate(x, method = "e", episode_days = 7)
- 30-Day interval from initial isolate	- first_isolate(x, method = "e", episode_days = 30)
Phenotype-based	first_isolate(x, method = "phenotype-based"), or:
(= first isolate per phenotype)
- Major difference in any antimicrobial result	- first_isolate(x, type = "points")
- Any difference in key antimicrobial results	- first_isolate(x, type = "keyantimicrobials")

Isolate-based

This method does not require any selection, as all isolates should be included. It does, however, respect all arguments set in the first_isolate() function. For example, the default setting for include_unknown (FALSE) will omit selection of rows without a microbial ID.

Patient-based

To include every genus-species combination per patient once, set the episode_days to Inf. Although often inappropriate, this method makes sure that no duplicate isolates are selected from the same patient. In a large longitudinal data set, this could mean that isolates are excluded that were found years after the initial isolate.

Episode-based

To include every genus-species combination per patient episode once, set the episode_days to a sensible number of days. Depending on the type of analysis, this could be 14, 30, 60 or 365. Short episodes are common for analysing specific hospital or ward data, long episodes are common for analysing regional and national data.

This is the most common method to correct for duplicate isolates. Patients are categorised into episodes based on their ID and dates (e.g., the date of specimen receipt or laboratory result). While this is a common method, it does not take into account antimicrobial test results. This means that e.g. a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolate cannot be differentiated from a wildtype Staphylococcus aureus isolate.

Phenotype-based

This is a more reliable method, since it also weighs the antibiogram (antimicrobial test results) yielding so-called 'first weighted isolates'. There are two different methods to weigh the antibiogram:

1. Using type = "points" and argument points_threshold (default)

   This method weighs all antimicrobial drugs available in the data set. Any difference from I to S or R (or vice versa) counts as 0.5 points, a difference from S to R (or vice versa) counts as 1 point. When the sum of points exceeds points_threshold, which defaults to 2, an isolate will be selected as a first weighted isolate.

   All antimicrobials are internally selected using the all_antimicrobials() function. The output of this function does not need to be passed to the first_isolate() function.

2. Using type = "keyantimicrobials" and argument ignore_I

   This method only weighs specific antimicrobial drugs, called key antimicrobials. Any difference from S to R (or vice versa) in these key antimicrobials will select an isolate as a first weighted isolate. With ignore_I = FALSE, also differences from I to S or R (or vice versa) will lead to this.

   Key antimicrobials are internally selected using the key_antimicrobials() function, but can also be added manually as a variable to the data and set in the col_keyantimicrobials argument. Another option is to pass the output of the key_antimicrobials() function directly to the col_keyantimicrobials argument.

The default method is phenotype-based (using type = "points") and episode-based (using episode_days = 365). This makes sure that every genus-species combination is selected per patient once per year, while taking into account all antimicrobial test results. If no antimicrobial test results are available in the data set, only the episode-based method is applied at default.

See also

key_antimicrobials()

Examples

# `example_isolates` is a data set available in the AMR package.
# See ?example_isolates.

example_isolates[first_isolate(info = TRUE), ]
#> Determining first isolates using an episode length of 365 days
#> ℹ Using column 'date' as input for col_date.
#> ℹ Using column 'patient' as input for col_patient_id.
#> Basing inclusion on all antimicrobial results, using a points threshold of
#> 2
#> Including isolates from ICU.
#> ℹ Excluded 16 isolates with a microbial ID 'UNKNOWN' (in column 'mo')
#> => Found 1,379 'phenotype-based' first isolates (69.0% of total where a
#>    microbial ID was available)
#> # A tibble: 1,379 × 46
#>    date       patient   age gender ward     mo           PEN   OXA   FLC   AMX  
#>    <date>     <chr>   <dbl> <chr>  <chr>    <mo>         <sir> <sir> <sir> <sir>
#>  1 2002-01-02 A77334     65 F      Clinical B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  2 2002-01-07 067927     45 F      ICU      B_STPHY_EPDR R     NA    R     NA   
#>  3 2002-01-14 462729     78 M      Clinical B_STPHY_AURS R     NA    S     R    
#>  4 2002-01-17 858515     79 F      ICU      B_STPHY_EPDR R     NA    S     NA   
#>  5 2002-01-17 495616     67 M      Clinical B_STPHY_EPDR R     NA    S     NA   
#>  6 2002-01-19 738003     71 M      Clinical B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  7 2002-01-21 462081     75 F      Clinical B_CTRBC_FRND R     NA    NA    R    
#>  8 2002-01-22 F35553     50 M      ICU      B_PROTS_MRBL R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  9 2002-02-03 481442     76 M      ICU      B_STPHY_CONS R     NA    S     NA   
#> 10 2002-02-05 023456     50 M      Clinical B_STPHY_HMNS S     NA    S     NA   
#> # … with 1,369 more rows, and 36 more variables: AMC <sir>, AMP <sir>,
#> #   TZP <sir>, CZO <sir>, FEP <sir>, CXM <sir>, FOX <sir>, CTX <sir>,
#> #   CAZ <sir>, CRO <sir>, GEN <sir>, TOB <sir>, AMK <sir>, KAN <sir>,
#> #   TMP <sir>, SXT <sir>, NIT <sir>, FOS <sir>, LNZ <sir>, CIP <sir>,
#> #   MFX <sir>, VAN <sir>, TEC <sir>, TCY <sir>, TGC <sir>, DOX <sir>,
#> #   ERY <sir>, CLI <sir>, AZM <sir>, IPM <sir>, MEM <sir>, MTR <sir>,
#> #   CHL <sir>, COL <sir>, MUP <sir>, RIF <sir>
# \donttest{
# get all first Gram-negatives
example_isolates[which(first_isolate(info = FALSE) & mo_is_gram_negative()), ]
#> ℹ Using column 'mo' as input for mo_is_gram_negative()
#> # A tibble: 437 × 46
#>    date       patient   age gender ward     mo           PEN   OXA   FLC   AMX  
#>    <date>     <chr>   <dbl> <chr>  <chr>    <mo>         <sir> <sir> <sir> <sir>
#>  1 2002-01-02 A77334     65 F      Clinical B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  2 2002-01-19 738003     71 M      Clinical B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  3 2002-01-21 462081     75 F      Clinical B_CTRBC_FRND R     NA    NA    R    
#>  4 2002-01-22 F35553     50 M      ICU      B_PROTS_MRBL R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  5 2002-02-05 067927     45 F      ICU      B_SERRT_MRCS R     NA    NA    R    
#>  6 2002-02-27 066895     85 F      Clinical B_KLBSL_PNMN R     NA    NA    R    
#>  7 2002-03-08 4FC193     69 M      Clinical B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    R    
#>  8 2002-03-16 4FC193     69 M      Clinical B_PSDMN_AERG R     NA    NA    R    
#>  9 2002-04-01 496896     46 F      ICU      B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    NA   
#> 10 2002-04-23 EE2510     69 F      ICU      B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    NA   
#> # … with 427 more rows, and 36 more variables: AMC <sir>, AMP <sir>, TZP <sir>,
#> #   CZO <sir>, FEP <sir>, CXM <sir>, FOX <sir>, CTX <sir>, CAZ <sir>,
#> #   CRO <sir>, GEN <sir>, TOB <sir>, AMK <sir>, KAN <sir>, TMP <sir>,
#> #   SXT <sir>, NIT <sir>, FOS <sir>, LNZ <sir>, CIP <sir>, MFX <sir>,
#> #   VAN <sir>, TEC <sir>, TCY <sir>, TGC <sir>, DOX <sir>, ERY <sir>,
#> #   CLI <sir>, AZM <sir>, IPM <sir>, MEM <sir>, MTR <sir>, CHL <sir>,
#> #   COL <sir>, MUP <sir>, RIF <sir>

if (require("dplyr")) {
  # filter on first isolates using dplyr:
  example_isolates %>%
    filter(first_isolate(info = TRUE))
}
#> Determining first isolates using an episode length of 365 days
#> Basing inclusion on all antimicrobial results, using a points threshold of
#> 2
#> Including isolates from ICU.
#> ℹ Excluded 16 isolates with a microbial ID 'UNKNOWN' (in column 'mo')
#> => Found 1,379 'phenotype-based' first isolates (69.0% of total where a
#>    microbial ID was available)
#> # A tibble: 1,379 × 46
#>    date       patient   age gender ward     mo           PEN   OXA   FLC   AMX  
#>    <date>     <chr>   <dbl> <chr>  <chr>    <mo>         <sir> <sir> <sir> <sir>
#>  1 2002-01-02 A77334     65 F      Clinical B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  2 2002-01-07 067927     45 F      ICU      B_STPHY_EPDR R     NA    R     NA   
#>  3 2002-01-14 462729     78 M      Clinical B_STPHY_AURS R     NA    S     R    
#>  4 2002-01-17 858515     79 F      ICU      B_STPHY_EPDR R     NA    S     NA   
#>  5 2002-01-17 495616     67 M      Clinical B_STPHY_EPDR R     NA    S     NA   
#>  6 2002-01-19 738003     71 M      Clinical B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  7 2002-01-21 462081     75 F      Clinical B_CTRBC_FRND R     NA    NA    R    
#>  8 2002-01-22 F35553     50 M      ICU      B_PROTS_MRBL R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  9 2002-02-03 481442     76 M      ICU      B_STPHY_CONS R     NA    S     NA   
#> 10 2002-02-05 023456     50 M      Clinical B_STPHY_HMNS S     NA    S     NA   
#> # … with 1,369 more rows, and 36 more variables: AMC <sir>, AMP <sir>,
#> #   TZP <sir>, CZO <sir>, FEP <sir>, CXM <sir>, FOX <sir>, CTX <sir>,
#> #   CAZ <sir>, CRO <sir>, GEN <sir>, TOB <sir>, AMK <sir>, KAN <sir>,
#> #   TMP <sir>, SXT <sir>, NIT <sir>, FOS <sir>, LNZ <sir>, CIP <sir>,
#> #   MFX <sir>, VAN <sir>, TEC <sir>, TCY <sir>, TGC <sir>, DOX <sir>,
#> #   ERY <sir>, CLI <sir>, AZM <sir>, IPM <sir>, MEM <sir>, MTR <sir>,
#> #   CHL <sir>, COL <sir>, MUP <sir>, RIF <sir>
if (require("dplyr")) {
  # short-hand version:
  example_isolates %>%
    filter_first_isolate(info = FALSE)
}
#> # A tibble: 1,379 × 46
#>    date       patient   age gender ward     mo           PEN   OXA   FLC   AMX  
#>    <date>     <chr>   <dbl> <chr>  <chr>    <mo>         <sir> <sir> <sir> <sir>
#>  1 2002-01-02 A77334     65 F      Clinical B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  2 2002-01-07 067927     45 F      ICU      B_STPHY_EPDR R     NA    R     NA   
#>  3 2002-01-14 462729     78 M      Clinical B_STPHY_AURS R     NA    S     R    
#>  4 2002-01-17 858515     79 F      ICU      B_STPHY_EPDR R     NA    S     NA   
#>  5 2002-01-17 495616     67 M      Clinical B_STPHY_EPDR R     NA    S     NA   
#>  6 2002-01-19 738003     71 M      Clinical B_ESCHR_COLI R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  7 2002-01-21 462081     75 F      Clinical B_CTRBC_FRND R     NA    NA    R    
#>  8 2002-01-22 F35553     50 M      ICU      B_PROTS_MRBL R     NA    NA    NA   
#>  9 2002-02-03 481442     76 M      ICU      B_STPHY_CONS R     NA    S     NA   
#> 10 2002-02-05 023456     50 M      Clinical B_STPHY_HMNS S     NA    S     NA   
#> # … with 1,369 more rows, and 36 more variables: AMC <sir>, AMP <sir>,
#> #   TZP <sir>, CZO <sir>, FEP <sir>, CXM <sir>, FOX <sir>, CTX <sir>,
#> #   CAZ <sir>, CRO <sir>, GEN <sir>, TOB <sir>, AMK <sir>, KAN <sir>,
#> #   TMP <sir>, SXT <sir>, NIT <sir>, FOS <sir>, LNZ <sir>, CIP <sir>,
#> #   MFX <sir>, VAN <sir>, TEC <sir>, TCY <sir>, TGC <sir>, DOX <sir>,
#> #   ERY <sir>, CLI <sir>, AZM <sir>, IPM <sir>, MEM <sir>, MTR <sir>,
#> #   CHL <sir>, COL <sir>, MUP <sir>, RIF <sir>
if (require("dplyr")) {
  # flag the first isolates per group:
  example_isolates %>%
    group_by(ward) %>%
    mutate(first = first_isolate(info = TRUE)) %>%
    select(ward, date, patient, mo, first)
}
#> Determining first isolates using an episode length of 365 days
#> Basing inclusion on all antimicrobial results, using a points threshold of
#> 2
#> Including isolates from ICU.
#> 
#> Group: ward = "Clinical"
#> ℹ Excluded 9 isolates with a microbial ID 'UNKNOWN' (in column 'mo')
#> => Found 861 'phenotype-based' first isolates (69.8% of total where a
#>    microbial ID was available)
#> Including isolates from ICU.
#> 
#> Group: ward = "ICU"
#> ℹ Excluded 6 isolates with a microbial ID 'UNKNOWN' (in column 'mo')
#> => Found 449 'phenotype-based' first isolates (69.6% within scope and 69.5%
#>    of total where a microbial ID was available)
#> Including isolates from ICU.
#> 
#> Group: ward = "Outpatient"
#> ℹ Excluded 1 isolates with a microbial ID 'UNKNOWN' (in column 'mo')
#> => Found 98 'phenotype-based' first isolates (82.4% within scope and 81.7%
#>    of total where a microbial ID was available)
#> # A tibble: 2,000 × 5
#> # Groups:   ward [3]
#>    ward     date       patient mo           first
#>    <chr>    <date>     <chr>   <mo>         <lgl>
#>  1 Clinical 2002-01-02 A77334  B_ESCHR_COLI TRUE 
#>  2 Clinical 2002-01-03 A77334  B_ESCHR_COLI FALSE
#>  3 ICU      2002-01-07 067927  B_STPHY_EPDR TRUE 
#>  4 ICU      2002-01-07 067927  B_STPHY_EPDR FALSE
#>  5 ICU      2002-01-13 067927  B_STPHY_EPDR FALSE
#>  6 ICU      2002-01-13 067927  B_STPHY_EPDR FALSE
#>  7 Clinical 2002-01-14 462729  B_STPHY_AURS TRUE 
#>  8 Clinical 2002-01-14 462729  B_STPHY_AURS FALSE
#>  9 ICU      2002-01-16 067927  B_STPHY_EPDR FALSE
#> 10 ICU      2002-01-17 858515  B_STPHY_EPDR TRUE 
#> # … with 1,990 more rows
# }