<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- Generated by pkgdown: do not edit by hand --><html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<title>AMR for Python • AMR (for R)</title>
<!-- favicons --><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../favicon-16x16.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../favicon-32x32.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="180x180" href="../apple-touch-icon.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="120x120" href="../apple-touch-icon-120x120.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="76x76" href="../apple-touch-icon-76x76.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="60x60" href="../apple-touch-icon-60x60.png">
<script src="../deps/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<link href="../deps/bootstrap-5.3.1/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="../deps/bootstrap-5.3.1/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script><link href="../deps/Lato-0.4.9/font.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../deps/Fira_Code-0.4.9/font.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../deps/font-awesome-6.5.2/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../deps/font-awesome-6.5.2/css/v4-shims.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="../deps/headroom-0.11.0/headroom.min.js"></script><script src="../deps/headroom-0.11.0/jQuery.headroom.min.js"></script><script src="../deps/bootstrap-toc-1.0.1/bootstrap-toc.min.js"></script><script src="../deps/clipboard.js-2.0.11/clipboard.min.js"></script><script src="../deps/search-1.0.0/autocomplete.jquery.min.js"></script><script src="../deps/search-1.0.0/fuse.min.js"></script><script src="../deps/search-1.0.0/mark.min.js"></script><!-- pkgdown --><script src="../pkgdown.js"></script><link href="../extra.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="../extra.js"></script><meta property="og:title" content="AMR for Python">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.11/dist/katex.min.css" integrity="sha384-nB0miv6/jRmo5UMMR1wu3Gz6NLsoTkbqJghGIsx//Rlm+ZU03BU6SQNC66uf4l5+" crossorigin="anonymous">
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.11/dist/katex.min.js" integrity="sha384-7zkQWkzuo3B5mTepMUcHkMB5jZaolc2xDwL6VFqjFALcbeS9Ggm/Yr2r3Dy4lfFg" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.11/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js" integrity="sha384-43gviWU0YVjaDtb/GhzOouOXtZMP/7XUzwPTstBeZFe/+rCMvRwr4yROQP43s0Xk" crossorigin="anonymous" onload="renderMathInElement(document.body);"></script>
</head>
<body>
<a href="#main" class="visually-hidden-focusable">Skip to contents</a>
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg fixed-top bg-primary" data-bs-theme="dark" aria-label="Site navigation"><div class="container">
<a class="navbar-brand me-2" href="../index.html">AMR (for R)</a>
<small class="nav-text text-muted me-auto" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="bottom" title="">2.1.1.9237</small>
<button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbar" aria-controls="navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
<span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<div id="navbar" class="collapse navbar-collapse ms-3">
<ul class="navbar-nav me-auto">
<li class="nav-item dropdown">
<button class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" type="button" id="dropdown-how-to" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true"><span class="fa fa-question-circle"></span> How to</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdown-how-to">
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../articles/AMR.html"><span class="fa fa-directions"></span> Conduct AMR Analysis</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../reference/antibiogram.html"><span class="fa fa-file-prescription"></span> Generate Antibiogram (Trad./Syndromic/WISCA)</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../articles/AMR_with_tidymodels.html"><span class="fa fa-square-root-variable"></span> Use AMR for Predictive Modelling (tidymodels)</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../articles/datasets.html"><span class="fa fa-database"></span> Download Data Sets for Own Use</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../reference/AMR-options.html"><span class="fa fa-gear"></span> Set User- Or Team-specific Package Settings</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../articles/PCA.html"><span class="fa fa-compress"></span> Conduct Principal Component Analysis for AMR</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../articles/MDR.html"><span class="fa fa-skull-crossbones"></span> Determine Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR)</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../articles/WHONET.html"><span class="fa fa-globe-americas"></span> Work with WHONET Data</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../articles/EUCAST.html"><span class="fa fa-exchange-alt"></span> Apply EUCAST Rules</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../reference/mo_property.html"><span class="fa fa-bug"></span> Get Taxonomy of a Microorganism</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../reference/ab_property.html"><span class="fa fa-capsules"></span> Get Properties of an Antibiotic Drug</a></li>
<li><a class="dropdown-item" href="../reference/av_property.html"><span class="fa fa-capsules"></span> Get Properties of an Antiviral Drug</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="active nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="../articles/AMR_for_Python.html"><span class="fa fab fa-python"></span> AMR for Python</a></li>
<li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="../reference/index.html"><span class="fa fa-book-open"></span> Manual</a></li>
<li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="../authors.html"><span class="fa fa-users"></span> Authors</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="navbar-nav">
<li class="nav-item"><form class="form-inline" role="search">
<input class="form-control" type="search" name="search-input" id="search-input" autocomplete="off" aria-label="Search site" placeholder="Search for" data-search-index="../search.json">
</form></li>
<li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="../news/index.html"><span class="fa fa-newspaper"></span> Changelog</a></li>
<li class="nav-item"><a class="external-link nav-link" href="https://github.com/msberends/AMR"><span class="fa fa-github"></span> Source Code</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav><div class="container template-article">
<div class="row">
<main id="main" class="col-md-9"><div class="page-header">
<img src="../logo.svg" class="logo" alt=""><h1>AMR for Python</h1>
<small class="dont-index">Source: <a href="https://github.com/msberends/AMR/blob/main/vignettes/AMR_for_Python.Rmd" class="external-link"><code>vignettes/AMR_for_Python.Rmd</code></a></small>
<div class="d-none name"><code>AMR_for_Python.Rmd</code></div>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#introduction"></a>
</h2>
<p>The <code>AMR</code> package for R is a powerful tool for
antimicrobial resistance (AMR) analysis. It provides extensive features
for handling microbial and antimicrobial data. However, for those who
work primarily in Python, we now have a more intuitive option available:
the <a href="https://pypi.org/project/AMR/" class="external-link"><code>AMR</code> Python
package</a>.</p>
<p>This Python package is a wrapper around the <code>AMR</code> R
package. It uses the <code>rpy2</code> package internally. Despite the
need to have R installed, Python users can now easily work with AMR data
directly through Python code.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#prerequisites"></a>
</h2>
<p>This package was only tested with a <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html" class="external-link">virtual environment
(venv)</a>. You can set up such an environment by running:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># linux and macOS:</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a>python <span class="op">-</span>m venv <span class="op">/</span>path<span class="op">/</span>to<span class="op">/</span>new<span class="op">/</span>virtual<span class="op">/</span>environment</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Windows:</span></span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>python <span class="op">-</span>m venv C:\path\to\new\virtual\environment</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Then you can <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html#how-venvs-work" class="external-link">activate
the environment</a>, after which the venv is ready to work with.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="install-amr">Install AMR<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#install-amr"></a>
</h2>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li>
<p>Since the Python package is available on the official <a href="https://pypi.org/project/AMR/" class="external-link">Python Package Index</a>, you can
just run:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">pip</span> install AMR</span></code></pre></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Make sure you have R installed. There is <strong>no need to
install the <code>AMR</code> R package</strong>, as it will be installed
automatically.</p>
<p>For Linux:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Ubuntu / Debian</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> apt install r-base</span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Fedora:</span></span>
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> dnf install R</span>
<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># CentOS/RHEL</span></span>
<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">sudo</span> yum install R</span></code></pre></div>
<p>For macOS (using <a href="https://brew.sh" class="external-link">Homebrew</a>):</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">brew</span> install r</span></code></pre></div>
<p>For Windows, visit the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org" class="external-link">CRAN
download page</a> to download and install R.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="examples-of-usage">Examples of Usage<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#examples-of-usage"></a>
</h2>
<div class="section level3">
<h3 id="cleaning-taxonomy">Cleaning Taxonomy<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#cleaning-taxonomy"></a>
</h3>
<p>Here’s an example that demonstrates how to clean microorganism and
drug names using the <code>AMR</code> Python package:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> pandas <span class="im">as</span> pd</span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> AMR</span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Sample data</span></span>
<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="op">=</span> {</span>
<span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"MOs"</span>: [<span class="st">'E. coli'</span>, <span class="st">'ESCCOL'</span>, <span class="st">'esco'</span>, <span class="st">'Esche coli'</span>],</span>
<span id="cb5-7"><a href="#cb5-7" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"Drug"</span>: [<span class="st">'Cipro'</span>, <span class="st">'CIP'</span>, <span class="st">'J01MA02'</span>, <span class="st">'Ciproxin'</span>]</span>
<span id="cb5-8"><a href="#cb5-8" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
<span id="cb5-9"><a href="#cb5-9" tabindex="-1"></a>df <span class="op">=</span> pd.DataFrame(data)</span>
<span id="cb5-10"><a href="#cb5-10" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-11"><a href="#cb5-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Use AMR functions to clean microorganism and drug names</span></span>
<span id="cb5-12"><a href="#cb5-12" tabindex="-1"></a>df[<span class="st">'MO_clean'</span>] <span class="op">=</span> AMR.mo_name(df[<span class="st">'MOs'</span>])</span>
<span id="cb5-13"><a href="#cb5-13" tabindex="-1"></a>df[<span class="st">'Drug_clean'</span>] <span class="op">=</span> AMR.ab_name(df[<span class="st">'Drug'</span>])</span>
<span id="cb5-14"><a href="#cb5-14" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-15"><a href="#cb5-15" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Display the results</span></span>
<span id="cb5-16"><a href="#cb5-16" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(df)</span></code></pre></div>
<table class="table">
<thead><tr class="header">
<th>MOs</th>
<th>Drug</th>
<th>MO_clean</th>
<th>Drug_clean</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>E. coli</td>
<td>Cipro</td>
<td>Escherichia coli</td>
<td>Ciprofloxacin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ESCCOL</td>
<td>CIP</td>
<td>Escherichia coli</td>
<td>Ciprofloxacin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>esco</td>
<td>J01MA02</td>
<td>Escherichia coli</td>
<td>Ciprofloxacin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Esche coli</td>
<td>Ciproxin</td>
<td>Escherichia coli</td>
<td>Ciprofloxacin</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="section level4">
<h4 id="explanation">Explanation<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#explanation"></a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>mo_name:</strong> This function standardises
microorganism names. Here, different variations of <em>Escherichia
coli</em> (such as “E. coli”, “ESCCOL”, “esco”, and “Esche coli”) are
all converted into the correct, standardised form, “Escherichia
coli”.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>ab_name</strong>: Similarly, this function standardises
antimicrobial names. The different representations of ciprofloxacin
(e.g., “Cipro”, “CIP”, “J01MA02”, and “Ciproxin”) are all converted to
the standard name, “Ciprofloxacin”.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section level3">
<h3 id="calculating-amr">Calculating AMR<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#calculating-amr"></a>
</h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> AMR</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> pandas <span class="im">as</span> pd</span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" tabindex="-1"></a>df <span class="op">=</span> AMR.example_isolates</span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5" tabindex="-1"></a>result <span class="op">=</span> AMR.resistance(df[<span class="st">"AMX"</span>])</span>
<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(result)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>[0.59555556]</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="section level3">
<h3 id="generating-antibiograms">Generating Antibiograms<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#generating-antibiograms"></a>
</h3>
<p>One of the core functions of the <code>AMR</code> package is
generating an antibiogram, a table that summarises the antimicrobial
susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Here’s how you can generate an
antibiogram from Python:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" tabindex="-1"></a>result2a <span class="op">=</span> AMR.antibiogram(df[[<span class="st">"mo"</span>, <span class="st">"AMX"</span>, <span class="st">"CIP"</span>, <span class="st">"TZP"</span>]])</span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(result2a)</span></code></pre></div>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col width="22%">
<col width="22%">
<col width="22%">
<col width="33%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="header">
<th>Pathogen</th>
<th>Amoxicillin</th>
<th>Ciprofloxacin</th>
<th>Piperacillin/tazobactam</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>CoNS</td>
<td>7% (10/142)</td>
<td>73% (183/252)</td>
<td>30% (10/33)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>E. coli</td>
<td>50% (196/392)</td>
<td>88% (399/456)</td>
<td>94% (393/416)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>K. pneumoniae</td>
<td>0% (0/58)</td>
<td>96% (53/55)</td>
<td>89% (47/53)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>P. aeruginosa</td>
<td>0% (0/30)</td>
<td>100% (30/30)</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>P. mirabilis</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>94% (34/36)</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>S. aureus</td>
<td>6% (8/131)</td>
<td>90% (171/191)</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>S. epidermidis</td>
<td>1% (1/91)</td>
<td>64% (87/136)</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>S. hominis</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>80% (56/70)</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>S. pneumoniae</td>
<td>100% (112/112)</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>100% (112/112)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a>result2b <span class="op">=</span> AMR.antibiogram(df[[<span class="st">"mo"</span>, <span class="st">"AMX"</span>, <span class="st">"CIP"</span>, <span class="st">"TZP"</span>]], mo_transform <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"gramstain"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(result2b)</span></code></pre></div>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col width="20%">
<col width="22%">
<col width="23%">
<col width="33%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="header">
<th>Pathogen</th>
<th>Amoxicillin</th>
<th>Ciprofloxacin</th>
<th>Piperacillin/tazobactam</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Gram-negative</td>
<td>36% (226/631)</td>
<td>91% (621/684)</td>
<td>88% (565/641)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Gram-positive</td>
<td>43% (305/703)</td>
<td>77% (560/724)</td>
<td>86% (296/345)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>In this example, we generate an antibiogram by selecting various
antibiotics.</p>
</div>
<div class="section level3">
<h3 id="taxonomic-data-sets-now-in-python">Taxonomic Data Sets Now in Python!<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#taxonomic-data-sets-now-in-python"></a>
</h3>
<p>As a Python user, you might like that the most important data sets of
the <code>AMR</code> R package, <code>microorganisms</code>,
<code>antimicrobials</code>, <code>clinical_breakpoints</code>, and
<code>example_isolates</code>, are now available as regular Python data
frames:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" tabindex="-1"></a>AMR.microorganisms</span></code></pre></div>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col width="11%">
<col width="29%">
<col width="8%">
<col width="8%">
<col width="8%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="13%">
<col width="9%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="header">
<th>mo</th>
<th>fullname</th>
<th>status</th>
<th>kingdom</th>
<th>gbif</th>
<th>gbif_parent</th>
<th>gbif_renamed_to</th>
<th>prevalence</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>B_GRAMN</td>
<td>(unknown Gram-negatives)</td>
<td>unknown</td>
<td>Bacteria</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>B_GRAMP</td>
<td>(unknown Gram-positives)</td>
<td>unknown</td>
<td>Bacteria</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>B_ANAER-NEG</td>
<td>(unknown anaerobic Gram-negatives)</td>
<td>unknown</td>
<td>Bacteria</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>B_ANAER-POS</td>
<td>(unknown anaerobic Gram-positives)</td>
<td>unknown</td>
<td>Bacteria</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>B_ANAER</td>
<td>(unknown anaerobic bacteria)</td>
<td>unknown</td>
<td>Bacteria</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>B_ZYMMN_POMC</td>
<td>Zymomonas pomaceae</td>
<td>accepted</td>
<td>Bacteria</td>
<td>10744418</td>
<td>3221412</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>B_ZYMPH</td>
<td>Zymophilus</td>
<td>synonym</td>
<td>Bacteria</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>9475166</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>B_ZYMPH_PCVR</td>
<td>Zymophilus paucivorans</td>
<td>synonym</td>
<td>Bacteria</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>B_ZYMPH_RFFN</td>
<td>Zymophilus raffinosivorans</td>
<td>synonym</td>
<td>Bacteria</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>F_ZYZYG</td>
<td>Zyzygomyces</td>
<td>unknown</td>
<td>Fungi</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>7581</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>2.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode python"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" tabindex="-1"></a>AMR.antimicrobials</span></code></pre></div>
<table style="width:100%;" class="table">
<colgroup>
<col width="4%">
<col width="12%">
<col width="20%">
<col width="25%">
<col width="9%">
<col width="11%">
<col width="7%">
<col width="9%">
</colgroup>
<thead><tr class="header">
<th>ab</th>
<th>cid</th>
<th>name</th>
<th>group</th>
<th>oral_ddd</th>
<th>oral_units</th>
<th>iv_ddd</th>
<th>iv_units</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>AMA</td>
<td>4649.0</td>
<td>4-aminosalicylic acid</td>
<td>Antimycobacterials</td>
<td>12.00</td>
<td>g</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ACM</td>
<td>6450012.0</td>
<td>Acetylmidecamycin</td>
<td>Macrolides/lincosamides</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ASP</td>
<td>49787020.0</td>
<td>Acetylspiramycin</td>
<td>Macrolides/lincosamides</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ALS</td>
<td>8954.0</td>
<td>Aldesulfone sodium</td>
<td>Other antibacterials</td>
<td>0.33</td>
<td>g</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>AMK</td>
<td>37768.0</td>
<td>Amikacin</td>
<td>Aminoglycosides</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>g</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
<td>…</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>VIR</td>
<td>11979535.0</td>
<td>Virginiamycine</td>
<td>Other antibacterials</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>VOR</td>
<td>71616.0</td>
<td>Voriconazole</td>
<td>Antifungals/antimycotics</td>
<td>0.40</td>
<td>g</td>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>g</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>XBR</td>
<td>72144.0</td>
<td>Xibornol</td>
<td>Other antibacterials</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>ZID</td>
<td>77846445.0</td>
<td>Zidebactam</td>
<td>Other antibacterials</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>ZFD</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>Zoliflodacin</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>NaN</td>
<td>None</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section level2">
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conclusion"></a>
</h2>
<p>With the <code>AMR</code> Python package, Python users can now
effortlessly call R functions from the <code>AMR</code> R package. This
eliminates the need for complex <code>rpy2</code> configurations and
provides a clean, easy-to-use interface for antimicrobial resistance
analysis. The examples provided above demonstrate how this can be
applied to typical workflows, such as standardising microorganism and
antimicrobial names or calculating resistance.</p>
<p>By just running <code>import AMR</code>, users can seamlessly
integrate the robust features of the R <code>AMR</code> package into
Python workflows.</p>
<p>Whether you’re cleaning data or analysing resistance patterns, the
<code>AMR</code> Python package makes it easy to work with AMR data in
Python.</p>
</div>
</main><aside class="col-md-3"><nav id="toc" aria-label="Table of contents"><h2>On this page</h2>
</nav></aside>
</div>
<footer><div class="pkgdown-footer-left">
<p><code>AMR</code> (for R). Free and open-source, licenced under the <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/msberends/AMR/blob/main/LICENSE" class="external-link">GNU General Public License version 2.0 (GPL-2)</a>.<br>Developed at the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.rug.nl" class="external-link">University of Groningen</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.umcg.nl" class="external-link">University Medical Center Groningen</a> in The Netherlands.</p>
</div>
<div class="pkgdown-footer-right">
<p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.rug.nl" class="external-link"><img src="https://amr-for-r.org/logo_rug.svg" style="max-width: 150px;"></a><a target="_blank" href="https://www.umcg.nl" class="external-link"><img src="https://amr-for-r.org/logo_umcg.svg" style="max-width: 150px;"></a></p>
</div>
</footer>
</div>
</body>
</html>