AMR/R/mo_property.R

# ==================================================================== #
# TITLE                                                                #
# Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Data Analysis for R                   #
#                                                                      #
# SOURCE                                                               #
# https://github.com/msberends/AMR                                     #
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# (c) 2018-2022 Berends MS, Luz CF et al.                              #
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# Diagnostics & Advice, and University Medical Center Groningen.       #
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# GNU General Public License version 2.0 (GNU GPL-2), as published by  #
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# how to conduct AMR data analysis: https://msberends.github.io/AMR/   #
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#' Get Properties of a Microorganism
#'
#' Use these functions to return a specific property of a microorganism based on the latest accepted taxonomy. All input values will be evaluated internally with [as.mo()], which makes it possible to use microbial abbreviations, codes and names as input. See *Examples*.
#' @param x any [character] (vector) that can be coerced to a valid microorganism code with [as.mo()]. Can be left blank for auto-guessing the column containing microorganism codes if used in a data set, see *Examples*.
#' @param property one of the column names of the [microorganisms] data set: `r vector_or(colnames(microorganisms), sort = FALSE, quotes = TRUE)`, or must be `"shortname"`
#' @param language language of the returned text, defaults to system language (see [get_AMR_locale()]) and can be overwritten by setting the option `AMR_locale`, e.g. `options(AMR_locale = "de")`, see [translate]. Also used to translate text like "no growth". Use `language = NULL` or `language = ""` to prevent translation.
#' @param ... other arguments passed on to [as.mo()], such as 'allow_uncertain' and 'ignore_pattern'
#' @param ab any (vector of) text that can be coerced to a valid antibiotic code with [as.ab()]
#' @param open browse the URL using [`browseURL()`][utils::browseURL()]
#' @details All functions will return the most recently known taxonomic property according to the Catalogue of Life, except for [mo_ref()], [mo_authors()] and [mo_year()]. Please refer to this example, knowing that *Escherichia blattae* was renamed to *Shimwellia blattae* in 2010:
#' - `mo_name("Escherichia blattae")` will return `"Shimwellia blattae"` (with a message about the renaming)
#' - `mo_ref("Escherichia blattae")` will return `"Burgess et al., 1973"` (with a message about the renaming)
#' - `mo_ref("Shimwellia blattae")` will return `"Priest et al., 2010"` (without a message)
#'
#' The short name - [mo_shortname()] - almost always returns the first character of the genus and the full species, like `"E. coli"`. Exceptions are abbreviations of staphylococci (such as *"CoNS"*, Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci) and beta-haemolytic streptococci (such as *"GBS"*, Group B Streptococci). Please bear in mind that e.g. *E. coli* could mean *Escherichia coli* (kingdom of Bacteria) as well as *Entamoeba coli* (kingdom of Protozoa). Returning to the full name will be done using [as.mo()] internally, giving priority to bacteria and human pathogens, i.e. `"E. coli"` will be considered *Escherichia coli*. In other words, `mo_fullname(mo_shortname("Entamoeba coli"))` returns `"Escherichia coli"`.
#'
#' Since the top-level of the taxonomy is sometimes referred to as 'kingdom' and sometimes as 'domain', the functions [mo_kingdom()] and [mo_domain()] return the exact same results.
#'
#' The Gram stain - [mo_gramstain()] - will be determined based on the taxonomic kingdom and phylum. According to Cavalier-Smith (2002, [PMID 11837318](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11837318)), who defined subkingdoms Negibacteria and Posibacteria, only these phyla are Posibacteria: Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes and Tenericutes. These bacteria are considered Gram-positive, except for members of the class Negativicutes which are Gram-negative. Members of other bacterial phyla are all considered Gram-negative. Species outside the kingdom of Bacteria will return a value `NA`. Functions [mo_is_gram_negative()] and [mo_is_gram_positive()] always return `TRUE` or `FALSE` (except when the input is `NA` or the MO code is `UNKNOWN`), thus always return `FALSE` for species outside the taxonomic kingdom of Bacteria.
#' 
#' Determination of yeasts - [mo_is_yeast()] - will be based on the taxonomic kingdom and class. *Budding yeasts* are fungi of the phylum Ascomycetes, class Saccharomycetes (also called Hemiascomycetes). *True yeasts* are aggregated into the underlying order Saccharomycetales. Thus, for all microorganisms that are fungi and member of the taxonomic class Saccharomycetes, the function will return `TRUE`. It returns `FALSE` otherwise (except when the input is `NA` or the MO code is `UNKNOWN`).
#' 
#' Intrinsic resistance - [mo_is_intrinsic_resistant()] - will be determined based on the [intrinsic_resistant] data set, which is based on `r format_eucast_version_nr(3.3)`. The [mo_is_intrinsic_resistant()] functions can be vectorised over arguments `x` (input for microorganisms) and over `ab` (input for antibiotics).
#'
#' All output [will be translated][translate] where possible.
#'
#' The function [mo_url()] will return the direct URL to the online database entry, which also shows the scientific reference of the concerned species.
#' 
#' SNOMED codes - [mo_snomed()] - are from the `r SNOMED_VERSION$current_source`. See *Source* and the [microorganisms] data set for more info.
#' @inheritSection mo_matching_score Matching Score for Microorganisms
#' @inheritSection catalogue_of_life Catalogue of Life
#' @inheritSection as.mo Source
#' @rdname mo_property
#' @name mo_property
#' @return
#' - An [integer] in case of [mo_year()]
#' - A [list] in case of [mo_taxonomy()] and [mo_info()]
#' - A named [character] in case of [mo_url()]
#' - A [numeric] in case of [mo_snomed()]
#' - A [character] in all other cases
#' @export
#' @seealso Data set [microorganisms]
#' @inheritSection AMR Reference Data Publicly Available
#' @examples
#' # taxonomic tree -----------------------------------------------------------
#' mo_kingdom("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_phylum("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_class("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_order("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_family("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_genus("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_species("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_subspecies("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#'
#' # colloquial properties ----------------------------------------------------
#' mo_name("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_fullname("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_shortname("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#'
#' # other properties ---------------------------------------------------------
#' mo_gramstain("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_snomed("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_type("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_rank("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_url("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_synonyms("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#'
#' # scientific reference -----------------------------------------------------
#' mo_ref("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_authors("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_year("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_lpsn("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#'
#' # abbreviations known in the field -----------------------------------------
#' mo_genus("MRSA")
#' mo_species("MRSA")
#' mo_shortname("VISA")
#' mo_gramstain("VISA")
#'
#' mo_genus("EHEC")
#' mo_species("EHEC")
#'
#' # known subspecies ---------------------------------------------------------
#' mo_name("doylei")
#' mo_genus("doylei")
#' mo_species("doylei")
#' mo_subspecies("doylei")
#'
#' mo_fullname("K. pneu rh")
#' mo_shortname("K. pneu rh")
#'
#' \donttest{
#' # Becker classification, see ?as.mo ----------------------------------------
#' mo_fullname("S. epi")
#' mo_fullname("S. epi", Becker = TRUE)
#' mo_shortname("S. epi")
#' mo_shortname("S. epi", Becker = TRUE)
#'
#' # Lancefield classification, see ?as.mo ------------------------------------
#' mo_fullname("S. pyo")
#' mo_fullname("S. pyo", Lancefield = TRUE)
#' mo_shortname("S. pyo")
#' mo_shortname("S. pyo", Lancefield = TRUE)
#'
#'
#' # language support  --------------------------------------------------------
#' mo_gramstain("Klebsiella pneumoniae", language = "de")
#' mo_gramstain("Klebsiella pneumoniae", language = "nl")
#' mo_gramstain("Klebsiella pneumoniae", language = "es")
#'
#' # mo_type is equal to mo_kingdom, but mo_kingdom will remain official
#' mo_kingdom("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_type("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' mo_type("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#'
#' mo_fullname("S. pyogenes",
#'             Lancefield = TRUE,
#'             language = "de")
#' mo_fullname("S. pyogenes",
#'             Lancefield = TRUE,
#'             language = "nl")
#'
#'
#' # other --------------------------------------------------------------------
#' 
#' mo_is_yeast(c("Candida", "Trichophyton", "Klebsiella"))
#' 
#' # gram stains and intrinsic resistance can be used as a filter in dplyr verbs
#' if (require("dplyr")) {
#'   example_isolates %>%
#'     filter(mo_is_gram_positive())
#'     
#'   example_isolates %>%
#'     filter(mo_is_intrinsic_resistant(ab = "vanco"))
#' }
#' 
#' 
#' # get a list with the complete taxonomy (from kingdom to subspecies)
#' mo_taxonomy("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' 
#' # get a list with the taxonomy, the authors, Gram-stain,
#' # SNOMED codes, and URL to the online database
#' mo_info("Klebsiella pneumoniae")
#' }
mo_name <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_name")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  translate_into_language(mo_validate(x = x, property = "fullname", language = language, ...),
                          language = language,
                          only_unknown = FALSE,
                          only_affect_mo_names = TRUE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_fullname <- mo_name

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_shortname <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_shortname")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x.mo <- as.mo(x, language = language, ...)
  
  metadata <- get_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed()
  
  replace_empty <- function(x) {
    x[x == ""] <- "spp."
    x
  }
  
  # get first char of genus and complete species in English
  genera <- mo_genus(x.mo, language = NULL)
  shortnames <- paste0(substr(genera, 1, 1), ". ", replace_empty(mo_species(x.mo, language = NULL)))
  
  # exceptions for where no species is known
  shortnames[shortnames %like% ".[.] spp[.]"] <- genera[shortnames %like% ".[.] spp[.]"]
  # exceptions for staphylococci
  shortnames[shortnames == "S. coagulase-negative"] <- "CoNS"
  shortnames[shortnames == "S. coagulase-positive"] <- "CoPS"
  # exceptions for streptococci: Group A Streptococcus -> GAS
  shortnames[shortnames %like% "S. group [ABCDFGHK]"] <- paste0("G", gsub("S. group ([ABCDFGHK])", "\\1", shortnames[shortnames %like% "S. group [ABCDFGHK]"], perl = TRUE), "S")
  # unknown species etc.
  shortnames[shortnames %like% "unknown"] <- paste0("(", trimws(gsub("[^a-zA-Z -]", "", shortnames[shortnames %like% "unknown"], perl = TRUE)), ")")
  
  shortnames[is.na(x.mo)] <- NA_character_
  load_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed(metadata)
  translate_into_language(shortnames, language = language, only_unknown = FALSE, only_affect_mo_names = TRUE)
}



#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_subspecies <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_subspecies")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  translate_into_language(mo_validate(x = x, property = "subspecies", language = language, ...), language = language, only_unknown = TRUE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_species <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_species")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  translate_into_language(mo_validate(x = x, property = "species", language = language, ...), language = language, only_unknown = TRUE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_genus <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_genus")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  translate_into_language(mo_validate(x = x, property = "genus", language = language, ...), language = language, only_unknown = TRUE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_family <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_family")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  translate_into_language(mo_validate(x = x, property = "family", language = language, ...), language = language, only_unknown = TRUE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_order <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_order")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  translate_into_language(mo_validate(x = x, property = "order", language = language, ...), language = language, only_unknown = TRUE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_class <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_class")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  translate_into_language(mo_validate(x = x, property = "class", language = language, ...), language = language, only_unknown = TRUE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_phylum <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_phylum")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  translate_into_language(mo_validate(x = x, property = "phylum", language = language, ...), language = language, only_unknown = TRUE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_kingdom <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_kingdom")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  translate_into_language(mo_validate(x = x, property = "kingdom", language = language, ...), language = language, only_unknown = TRUE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_domain <- mo_kingdom

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_type <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_type")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x.mo <- as.mo(x, language = language, ...)
  out <- mo_kingdom(x.mo, language = NULL)
  out[which(mo_is_yeast(x.mo))] <- "Yeasts"
  translate_into_language(out, language = language, only_unknown = FALSE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_gramstain <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_gramstain")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x.mo <- as.mo(x, language = language, ...)
  metadata <- get_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed()
  
  x <- rep(NA_character_, length(x))
  # make all bacteria Gram negative
  x[mo_kingdom(x.mo) == "Bacteria"] <- "Gram-negative"
  # overwrite these 4 phyla with Gram-positives
  # Source: https://itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=956097 (Cavalier-Smith, 2002)
  x[(mo_phylum(x.mo) %in% c("Actinobacteria",
                            "Chloroflexi",
                            "Firmicutes",
                            "Tenericutes") &
       # but class Negativicutes (of phylum Firmicutes) are Gram-negative!
       mo_class(x.mo) != "Negativicutes")
    # and of course our own ID for Gram-positives
    | x.mo == "B_GRAMP"] <- "Gram-positive"
  
  load_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed(metadata)
  translate_into_language(x, language = language, only_unknown = FALSE)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_is_gram_negative <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_is_gram_negative")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x.mo <- as.mo(x, language = language, ...)
  metadata <- get_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed()
  grams <- mo_gramstain(x.mo, language = NULL)
  load_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed(metadata)
  out <- grams == "Gram-negative" & !is.na(grams)
  out[x.mo %in% c(NA_character_, "UNKNOWN")] <- NA
  out
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_is_gram_positive <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_is_gram_positive")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x.mo <- as.mo(x, language = language, ...)
  metadata <- get_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed()
  grams <- mo_gramstain(x.mo, language = NULL)
  load_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed(metadata)
  out <- grams == "Gram-positive" & !is.na(grams)
  out[x.mo %in% c(NA_character_, "UNKNOWN")] <- NA
  out
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_is_yeast <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_is_yeast")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x.mo <- as.mo(x, language = language, ...)
  metadata <- get_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed()
  
  x.kingdom <- mo_kingdom(x.mo, language = NULL)
  x.class <- mo_class(x.mo, language = NULL)
  
  load_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed(metadata)
  
  out <- rep(FALSE, length(x))
  out[x.kingdom == "Fungi" & x.class == "Saccharomycetes"] <- TRUE
  out[x.mo %in% c(NA_character_, "UNKNOWN")] <- NA
  out
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_is_intrinsic_resistant <- function(x, ab, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_is_intrinsic_resistant")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(ab, allow_NA = FALSE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x <- as.mo(x, language = language, ...)
  ab <- as.ab(ab, language = NULL, flag_multiple_results = FALSE, info = FALSE)
  
  if (length(x) == 1 & length(ab) > 1) {
    x <- rep(x, length(ab))
  } else if (length(ab) == 1 & length(x) > 1) {
    ab <- rep(ab, length(x))
  }
  if (length(x) != length(ab)) {
    stop_("length of `x` and `ab` must be equal, or one of them must be of length 1.")
  }
  
  # show used version number once per session (pkg_env will reload every session)
  if (message_not_thrown_before("mo_is_intrinsic_resistant", "version.mo", entire_session = TRUE)) {
    message_("Determining intrinsic resistance based on ",
             format_eucast_version_nr(3.3, markdown = FALSE), ". ",
             font_red("This note will be shown once per session."))
  }
  
  # runs against internal vector: INTRINSIC_R (see zzz.R)
  paste(x, ab) %in% INTRINSIC_R
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_snomed <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_snomed")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  mo_validate(x = x, property = "snomed", language = language, ...)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_ref <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_ref")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  mo_validate(x = x, property = "ref", language = language, ...)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_authors <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_authors")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x <- mo_validate(x = x, property = "ref", language = language, ...)
  # remove last 4 digits and presumably the comma and space that preceed them
  x[!is.na(x)] <- gsub(",? ?[0-9]{4}", "", x[!is.na(x)], perl = TRUE)
  suppressWarnings(x)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_year <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_year")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x <- mo_validate(x = x, property = "ref", language = language, ...)
  # get last 4 digits
  x[!is.na(x)] <- gsub(".*([0-9]{4})$", "\\1", x[!is.na(x)], perl = TRUE)
  suppressWarnings(as.integer(x))
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_lpsn <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_rank")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  mo_validate(x = x, property = "species_id", language = language, ...)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_rank <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_rank")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  mo_validate(x = x, property = "rank", language = language, ...)
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_taxonomy <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(),  ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_taxonomy")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x <- as.mo(x, language = language, ...)
  metadata <- get_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed()
  
  out <- list(kingdom = mo_kingdom(x, language = language),
              phylum = mo_phylum(x, language = language),
              class = mo_class(x, language = language),
              order = mo_order(x, language = language),
              family = mo_family(x, language = language),
              genus = mo_genus(x, language = language),
              species = mo_species(x, language = language),
              subspecies = mo_subspecies(x, language = language))
  
  load_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed(metadata)
  out
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_synonyms <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_synonyms")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x <- as.mo(x, language = language, ...)
  metadata <- get_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed()
  
  IDs <- mo_name(x = x, language = NULL)
  syns <- lapply(IDs, function(newname) {
    res <- sort(microorganisms.old[which(microorganisms.old$fullname_new == newname), "fullname"])
    if (length(res) == 0) {
      NULL
    } else {
      res
    }
  })
  if (length(syns) > 1) {
    names(syns) <- mo_name(x)
    result <- syns
  } else {
    result <- unlist(syns)
  }
  
  load_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed(metadata)
  result
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_info <- function(x, language = get_AMR_locale(),  ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_info")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x <- as.mo(x, language = language, ...)
  metadata <- get_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed()
  
  info <- lapply(x, function(y)
    c(mo_taxonomy(y, language = language),
      list(synonyms = mo_synonyms(y),
           gramstain = mo_gramstain(y, language = language),
           url = unname(mo_url(y, open = FALSE)),
           ref = mo_ref(y),
           snomed = unlist(mo_snomed(y)))))
  if (length(info) > 1) {
    names(info) <- mo_name(x)
    result <- info
  } else {
    result <- info[[1L]]
  }
  
  load_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed(metadata)
  result
}

#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_url <- function(x, open = FALSE, language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_url")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(open, allow_class = "logical", has_length = 1)
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  x.mo <- as.mo(x = x, language = language, ... = ...)
  metadata <- get_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed()
  
  df <- microorganisms[match(x.mo, microorganisms$mo), c("mo", "fullname", "source", "kingdom", "rank")]
  df$url <- ifelse(df$source == "LPSN",
                   paste0(CATALOGUE_OF_LIFE$url_LPSN, "/species/", gsub(" ", "-", tolower(df$fullname), fixed = TRUE)),
                   paste0(CATALOGUE_OF_LIFE$url_CoL, "/data/search?type=EXACT&q=", gsub(" ", "%20", df$fullname, fixed = TRUE)))
  
  genera <- which(df$kingdom == "Bacteria" & df$rank == "genus")
  df$url[genera] <- gsub("/species/", "/genus/", df$url[genera], fixed = TRUE)
  subsp <- which(df$kingdom == "Bacteria" & df$rank %in% c("subsp.", "infraspecies"))
  df$url[subsp] <- gsub("/species/", "/subspecies/", df$url[subsp], fixed = TRUE)
  
  u <- df$url
  names(u) <- df$fullname
  
  if (isTRUE(open)) {
    if (length(u) > 1) {
      warning_("in `mo_url()`: only the first URL will be opened, as `browseURL()` only suports one string.")
    }
    utils::browseURL(u[1L])
  }
  
  load_mo_failures_uncertainties_renamed(metadata)
  u
}


#' @rdname mo_property
#' @export
mo_property <- function(x, property = "fullname", language = get_AMR_locale(), ...) {
  if (missing(x)) {
    # this tries to find the data and an <mo> column
    x <- find_mo_col(fn = "mo_property")
  }
  meet_criteria(x, allow_NA = TRUE)
  meet_criteria(property, allow_class = "character", has_length = 1, is_in = colnames(microorganisms))
  meet_criteria(language, has_length = 1, is_in = c(LANGUAGES_SUPPORTED, ""), allow_NULL = TRUE, allow_NA = TRUE)
  
  translate_into_language(mo_validate(x = x, property = property, language = language, ...), language = language, only_unknown = TRUE)
}

mo_validate <- function(x, property, language, ...) {
  check_dataset_integrity()
  dots <- list(...)
  Becker <- dots$Becker
  if (is.null(Becker) | property %in% c("kingdom", "phylum", "class", "order", "family", "genus")) {
    Becker <- FALSE
  }
  Lancefield <- dots$Lancefield
  if (is.null(Lancefield) | property %in% c("kingdom", "phylum", "class", "order", "family", "genus")) {
    Lancefield <- FALSE
  }
  has_Becker_or_Lancefield <- Becker %in% c(TRUE, "all") | Lancefield %in% c(TRUE, "all")
  
  if (tryCatch(all(x[!is.na(x)] %in% MO_lookup$mo) & !has_Becker_or_Lancefield, error = function(e) FALSE)) {
    # special case for mo_* functions where class is already <mo>
    x <- MO_lookup[match(x, MO_lookup$mo), property, drop = TRUE]
    
  } else {
    # try to catch an error when inputting an invalid argument
    # so the 'call.' can be set to FALSE
    tryCatch(x[1L] %in% MO_lookup[1, property, drop = TRUE],
             error = function(e) stop(e$message, call. = FALSE))
    
    if (!all(x[!is.na(x)] %in% MO_lookup[, property, drop = TRUE]) | has_Becker_or_Lancefield) {
      x <- exec_as.mo(x, property = property, language = language, ...)
    }
  }
  
  if (property == "mo") {
    return(set_clean_class(x, new_class = c("mo", "character")))
  } else if (property == "species_id") {
    return(as.double(x))
  } else if (property == "snomed") {
    return(as.double(eval(parse(text = x))))
  } else {
    return(x)
  }
}

find_mo_col <- function(fn) {
  # this function tries to find an mo column in the data the function was called in,
  # which is useful when functions are used within dplyr verbs
  df <- get_current_data(arg_name = "x", call = -3) # will return an error if not found
  mo <- NULL
  try({
    mo <- suppressMessages(search_type_in_df(df, "mo"))
  }, silent = TRUE)
  if (!is.null(df) && !is.null(mo) && is.data.frame(df)) {
    if (message_not_thrown_before(fn = fn)) {
      message_("Using column '", font_bold(mo), "' as input for `", fn, "()`")
    }
    return(df[, mo, drop = TRUE])
  } else {
    stop_("argument `x` is missing and no column with info about microorganisms could be found.", call = -2)
  }
}