\item{Becker}{a \link{logical} to indicate whether staphylococci should be categorised into coagulase-negative staphylococci ("CoNS") and coagulase-positive staphylococci ("CoPS") instead of their own species, according to Karsten Becker \emph{et al.} (1,2,3).
\item{Lancefield}{a \link{logical} to indicate whether a beta-haemolytic \emph{Streptococcus} should be categorised into Lancefield groups instead of their own species, according to Rebecca C. Lancefield (4). These streptococci will be categorised in their first group, e.g. \emph{Streptococcus dysgalactiae} will be group C, although officially it was also categorised into groups G and L.
\item{allow_uncertain}{a number between \code{0} (or \code{"none"}) and \code{3} (or \code{"all"}), or \code{TRUE} (= \code{2}) or \code{FALSE} (= \code{0}) to indicate whether the input should be checked for less probable results, see \emph{Details}}
\item{reference_df}{a \link{data.frame} to be used for extra reference when translating \code{x} to a valid \code{\link{mo}}. See \code{\link[=set_mo_source]{set_mo_source()}} and \code{\link[=get_mo_source]{get_mo_source()}} to automate the usage of your own codes (e.g. used in your analysis or organisation).}
\item{ignore_pattern}{a regular expression (case-insensitive) of which all matches in \code{x} must return \code{NA}. This can be convenient to exclude known non-relevant input and can also be set with the option \code{AMR_ignore_pattern}, e.g. \code{options(AMR_ignore_pattern = "(not reported|contaminated flora)")}.}
\item{language}{language to translate text like "no growth", which defaults to the system language (see \code{\link[=get_AMR_locale]{get_AMR_locale()}})}
\item{info}{a \link{logical} to indicate if a progress bar should be printed if more than 25 items are to be coerced, defaults to \code{TRUE} only in interactive mode}
Use this function to determine a valid microorganism code (\code{\link{mo}}). Determination is done using intelligent rules and the complete taxonomic kingdoms Bacteria, Chromista, Protozoa, Archaea and most microbial species from the kingdom Fungi (see \emph{Source}). The input can be almost anything: a full name (like \code{"Staphylococcus aureus"}), an abbreviated name (such as \code{"S. aureus"}), an abbreviation known in the field (such as \code{"MRSA"}), or just a genus. See \emph{Examples}.
The \code{\link[=as.mo]{as.mo()}} function uses several coercion rules for fast and logical results. It assesses the input matching criteria in the following order:
\enumerate{
\item Human pathogenic prevalence: the function starts with more prevalent microorganisms, followed by less prevalent ones;
\item Taxonomic kingdom: the function starts with determining Bacteria, then Fungi, then Protozoa, then others;
\item Breakdown of input values to identify possible matches.
This will lead to the effect that e.g. \code{"E. coli"} (a microorganism highly prevalent in humans) will return the microbial ID of \emph{Escherichia coli} and not \emph{Entamoeba coli} (a microorganism less prevalent in humans), although the latter would alphabetically come first.
\item Uncertainty level 0: no additional rules are applied;
\item Uncertainty level 1: allow previously accepted (but now invalid) taxonomic names and minor spelling errors;
\item Uncertainty level 2: allow all of level 1, strip values between brackets, inverse the words of the input, strip off text elements from the end keeping at least two elements;
\item Uncertainty level 3: allow all of level 1 and 2, strip off text elements from the end, allow any part of a taxonomic name.
The level of uncertainty can be set using the argument \code{allow_uncertain}. The default is \code{allow_uncertain = TRUE}, which is equal to uncertainty level 2. Using \code{allow_uncertain = FALSE} is equal to uncertainty level 0 and will skip all rules. You can also use e.g. \code{as.mo(..., allow_uncertain = 1)} to only allow up to level 1 uncertainty.
With the default setting (\code{allow_uncertain = TRUE}, level 2), below examples will lead to valid results:
\item \code{"Streptococcus group B (known as S. agalactiae)"}. The text between brackets will be removed and a warning will be thrown that the result \emph{Streptococcus group B} (\code{B_STRPT_GRPB}) needs review.
\item \code{"S. aureus - please mind: MRSA"}. The last word will be stripped, after which the function will try to find a match. If it does not, the second last word will be stripped, etc. Again, a warning will be thrown that the result \emph{Staphylococcus aureus} (\code{B_STPHY_AURS}) needs review.
\item \code{"Fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae"}. The first word will be stripped, after which the function will try to find a match. A warning will be thrown that the result \emph{Neisseria gonorrhoeae} (\code{B_NESSR_GNRR}) needs review.
\item Use \code{\link[=mo_uncertainties]{mo_uncertainties()}} to get a \link{data.frame} that prints in a pretty format with all taxonomic names that were guessed. The output contains the matching score for all matches (see \emph{Matching Score for Microorganisms} below).
\item Use \code{\link[=mo_failures]{mo_failures()}} to get a \link{character} \link{vector} with all values that could not be coerced to a valid value.
\item Use \code{\link[=mo_renamed]{mo_renamed()}} to get a \link{data.frame} with all values that could be coerced based on old, previously accepted taxonomic names.
The intelligent rules consider the prevalence of microorganisms in humans grouped into three groups, which is available as the \code{prevalence} columns in the \link{microorganisms} and \link{microorganisms.old} data sets. The grouping into human pathogenic prevalence is explained in the section \emph{Matching Score for Microorganisms} below.
\item Becker K \emph{et al.} \strong{Implications of identifying the recently defined members of the \emph{S. aureus} complex, \emph{S. argenteus} and \emph{S. schweitzeri}: A position paper of members of the ESCMID Study Group for staphylococci and Staphylococcal Diseases (ESGS).} 2019. Clin Microbiol Infect; \doi{10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.028}
\item Becker K \emph{et al.} \strong{Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci} 2020. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 18(4):349-366; \doi{10.1080/14787210.2020.1730813}
\item Lancefield RC \strong{A serological differentiation of human and other groups of hemolytic streptococci}. 1933. J Exp Med. 57(4): 571-95; \doi{10.1084/jem.57.4.571}
\item US Edition of SNOMED CT from 1 September 2020, retrieved from the Public Health Information Network Vocabulary Access and Distribution System (PHIN VADS), OID 2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.1009, version 12; url: \url{https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewValueSet.action?oid=2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.1009}
With ambiguous user input in \code{\link[=as.mo]{as.mo()}} and all the \code{\link[=mo_property]{mo_*}} functions, the returned results are chosen based on their matching score using \code{\link[=mo_matching_score]{mo_matching_score()}}. This matching score \eqn{m}, is calculated as:
\item \ifelse{html}{\out{<i>x</i> is the user input;}}{\eqn{x} is the user input;}
\item \ifelse{html}{\out{<i>n</i> is a taxonomic name (genus, species, and subspecies);}}{\eqn{n} is a taxonomic name (genus, species, and subspecies);}
\item \ifelse{html}{\out{<i>l<sub>n</sub></i> is the length of <i>n</i>;}}{l_n is the length of \eqn{n};}
\item \ifelse{html}{\out{<i>lev</i> is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance">Levenshtein distance function</a>, which counts any insertion, deletion and substitution as 1 that is needed to change <i>x</i> into <i>n</i>;}}{lev is the Levenshtein distance function, which counts any insertion, deletion and substitution as 1 that is needed to change \eqn{x} into \eqn{n};}
\item \ifelse{html}{\out{<i>p<sub>n</sub></i> is the human pathogenic prevalence group of <i>n</i>, as described below;}}{p_n is the human pathogenic prevalence group of \eqn{n}, as described below;}
\item \ifelse{html}{\out{<i>k<sub>n</sub></i> is the taxonomic kingdom of <i>n</i>, set as Bacteria = 1, Fungi = 2, Protozoa = 3, Archaea = 4, others = 5.}}{l_n is the taxonomic kingdom of \eqn{n}, set as Bacteria = 1, Fungi = 2, Protozoa = 3, Archaea = 4, others = 5.}
The grouping into human pathogenic prevalence (\eqn{p}) is based on experience from several microbiological laboratories in the Netherlands in conjunction with international reports on pathogen prevalence. \strong{Group 1} (most prevalent microorganisms) consists of all microorganisms where the taxonomic class is Gammaproteobacteria or where the taxonomic genus is \emph{Enterococcus}, \emph{Staphylococcus} or \emph{Streptococcus}. This group consequently contains all common Gram-negative bacteria, such as \emph{Pseudomonas} and \emph{Legionella} and all species within the order Enterobacterales. \strong{Group 2} consists of all microorganisms where the taxonomic phylum is Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria or Sarcomastigophora, or where the taxonomic genus is \emph{Absidia}, \emph{Acremonium}, \emph{Actinotignum}, \emph{Alternaria}, \emph{Anaerosalibacter}, \emph{Apophysomyces}, \emph{Arachnia}, \emph{Aspergillus}, \emph{Aureobacterium}, \emph{Aureobasidium}, \emph{Bacteroides}, \emph{Basidiobolus}, \emph{Beauveria}, \emph{Blastocystis}, \emph{Branhamella}, \emph{Calymmatobacterium}, \emph{Candida}, \emph{Capnocytophaga}, \emph{Catabacter}, \emph{Chaetomium}, \emph{Chryseobacterium}, \emph{Chryseomonas}, \emph{Chrysonilia}, \emph{Cladophialophora}, \emph{Cladosporium}, \emph{Conidiobolus}, \emph{Cryptococcus}, \emph{Curvularia}, \emph{Exophiala}, \emph{Exserohilum}, \emph{Flavobacterium}, \emph{Fonsecaea}, \emph{Fusarium}, \emph{Fusobacterium}, \emph{Hendersonula}, \emph{Hypomyces}, \emph{Koserella}, \emph{Lelliottia}, \emph{Leptosphaeria}, \emph{Leptotrichia}, \emph{Malassezia}, \emph{Malbranchea}, \emph{Mortierella}, \emph{Mucor}, \emph{Mycocentrospora}, \emph{Mycoplasma}, \emph{Nectria}, \emph{Ochroconis}, \emph{Oidiodendron}, \emph{Phoma}, \emph{Piedraia}, \emph{Pithomyces}, \emph{Pityrosporum}, \emph{Prevotella}, \emph{Pseudallescheria}, \emph{Rhizomucor}, \emph{Rhizopus}, \emph{Rhodotorula}, \emph{Scolecobasidium}, \emph{Scopulariopsis}, \emph{Scytalidium}, \emph{Sporobolomyces}, \emph{Stachybotrys}, \emph{Stomatococcus}, \emph{Treponema}, \emph{Trichoderma}, \emph{Trichophyton}, \emph{Trichosporon}, \emph{Tritirachium} or \emph{Ureaplasma}. \strong{Group 3} consists of all other microorganisms.
All matches are sorted descending on their matching score and for all user input values, the top match will be returned. This will lead to the effect that e.g., \code{"E. coli"} will return the microbial ID of \emph{Escherichia coli} (\eqn{m = 0.688}, a highly prevalent microorganism found in humans) and not \emph{Entamoeba coli} (\eqn{m = 0.079}, a less prevalent microorganism in humans), although the latter would alphabetically come first.
Since \code{AMR} version 1.8.1, common microorganism abbreviations are ignored in determining the matching score. These abbreviations are currently: AIEC, ATEC, BORSA, CRSM, DAEC, EAEC, EHEC, EIEC, EPEC, ETEC, GISA, MRPA, MRSA, MRSE, MSSA, MSSE, NMEC, PISP, PRSP, STEC, UPEC, VISA, VISP, VRE, VRSA and VRSP.
This package contains the complete taxonomic tree of almost all microorganisms (~71,000 species) from the authoritative and comprehensive Catalogue of Life (CoL, \url{http://www.catalogueoflife.org}). The CoL is the most comprehensive and authoritative global index of species currently available. Nonetheless, we supplemented the CoL data with data from the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN, \href{https://lpsn.dsmz.de}{lpsn.dsmz.de}). This supplementation is needed until the \href{https://github.com/CatalogueOfLife/general}{CoL+ project} is finished, which we await.
\link[=catalogue_of_life]{Click here} for more information about the included taxa. Check which versions of the CoL and LPSN were included in this package with \code{\link[=catalogue_of_life_version]{catalogue_of_life_version()}}.
All data sets in this \code{AMR} package (about microorganisms, antibiotics, R/SI interpretation, EUCAST rules, etc.) are publicly and freely available for download in the following formats: R, MS Excel, Apache Feather, Apache Parquet, SPSS, SAS, and Stata. We also provide tab-separated plain text files that are machine-readable and suitable for input in any software program, such as laboratory information systems. Please visit \href{https://msberends.github.io/AMR/articles/datasets.html}{our website for the download links}. The actual files are of course available on \href{https://github.com/msberends/AMR/tree/main/data-raw}{our GitHub repository}.
The \code{\link[=mo_property]{mo_*}} functions (such as \code{\link[=mo_genus]{mo_genus()}}, \code{\link[=mo_gramstain]{mo_gramstain()}}) to get properties based on the returned code.
